complementary split ring resonator-inspired antenna for wearable multiband applications using biodegradable polylactic acid

In this manuscript, replacing traditional antennas with biodegradable pla substrates aims to reduce e-waste in today’s technologically advanced age. this work achieves its objectives by designing the miniaturized (56 x 56 x 1.6) mm3 hexagonal patch antenna with partial ground (18.2 x 52) mm2 and incorporating complementary split ring resonators (csrrs) in the hfss (high-frequency structure simulator). this innovative approach combines unconventional antenna design with metamaterial technology to enhance antenna performance, making it flexible, lightweight, and suitable for multi-band applications. an evaluation of pla compared to other substrates revealed that pla is more suitable for its eco-friendliness, and the simulation result is also satisfactory for bandwidth, return loss, vswr, directivity, efficiency, and other parameters. additionally, the integration of taffeta fabric as a conductive patch material provided elasticity and enhanced wearability. using this unique method, the proposed antenna resonates at multiband frequencies of 2.6 ghz, 8.6 ghz, 10.5 ghz, 12.4 ghz, and 15.3 ghz, which gives return losses of -26.84 db, -22.16 db, -29.87 db, -39.43 db, and -26.35 db, respectively. in addition to its biocompatibility and achievement of the sar threshold, the antenna serves as a long-term solution for multi-band wireless applications. this further advances the realm of environmentally friendly wearable technology.