درآمدی تحلیلی بر نقش شبکه‌های سیاستی در سیاستگذاری عمومی

کانون توجه تحلیل گران و پژوهشگران سیاستگذاری عمومی، «شکل گیری یک سیاست» است: اینکه سیاست‏ها از کجا می‏آیند و چه عواملی در اتخاذ آنها موثر هستند؟ پاسخ‏های مختلف و متفاوتی به این سوال ارائه شده است. رویکرد شبکه‏ای از جمله جدیدترین چارچوب‏های پژوهشی معاصر است که نقش ارتباطات میان بازیگران و ذینفعان را در شکل گیری یک سیاست بیشتر از دیگر عوامل می‏داند. رویکرد تحلیلی شبکه‏های سیاستی به پژوهشگران و تحلیل گران حوزه سیاستگذاری عمومی این امکان را می‏دهد تا با شناسایی بازیگران و ذینفعان مختلف که حول یک سیاست دولتی شکل می‏گیرند، خروجی‏های سیاستی را با توجه به قدرت و ارتباطات آنها در شبکه سیاستی مورد ملاحظه قرار دهند. این رویکرد به خوبی نشان می‏دهد که قدرت بیشتر نوع خاصی از بازیگران زمانی که با ماهیت و کارکرد ویژه آنها پیوند می‏خورد، تعیین کننده ویژگی متفاوتی از یک سیاست است. این مقاله قصد دارد تا با مرور ادبیات شبکه‏های سیاستی، به بررسی و تحلیل نقش و کارکرد این شبکه‏ها، ابعاد طیف شبکه‏های سیاستی، مکاتب مختلف شبکه‏های سیاستی، شاخصهای سنجش و تداوم پذیری شبکه‏ها و در نهایت رویکردهای نوین در مطالعات این حوزه بپردازد. مقاله حاضر می‏تواند به مثابه یک دستور کار پژوهشی برای تحلیل گران سیاست‏های دولتی در ایران به کار رود تا با استفاده از فنون تحلیل شبکه‏های سیاستی که در قسمت پایانی پژوهش مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.به توسعه این رویکرد در ایران یاری رسانند.

Policy Networks, Concepts and Approachesin Policy Making

Purpose: The present article is an attempt to describe the elementary forms of policy network in public policy and policy making. Government is actually not the cockpit from which society is governed and that policy making processes rather are generally interplay among various actors. Networks provide platforms where highly interdependent policy actors are contacted and interact frequently to deal with common problems. “The resulting formal and informal interactions have the potential to increase policy effectiveness at less cost than authoritybased structural changes arrived at through formal reorganization”. Policy networks are Clusters of actors, each with an interest, or stake in a given policy, and the capacity to determine policy success or failure. The policy network concept is strongly influenced by interorganizational theory, which stresses actors are dependent on each other because they need each other’s resources to achieve their goals. Policy networks are “relatively stable sets of private and public organizations that negotiate in a horizontal, coordinating manner.” Actors converge around various policy problems and interact through the sharing of information, expertise, and political support.  The types of networks that form depend on the balance of political power and resources between private and public actors. Policy network analyses attempts to explain policy development by examining networks of actors concerned with a given policy problem across public and private sectors. Design/Methodology/Approach: Studies of networks had been “guided primarily by two theoretical perspectives: resource dependence and related exchange perspectives. The policy network approach focuses attention on the interaction processes between interdependent actors and the complexity of objectives and strategies as a consequence of that interaction. The functioning of networks can be addressed using this network analytical approach, since we defined functioning as the process by which certain network conditions lead to certain network outcomes. In network analysis, the ‘nodes’ and ‘relations’ that comprise the network gets analyzed and explained. Findings: In political science, networks are often interest groups. Public management network researchers have attempted to develop a network management paradigm comparable to the hierarchical organizational authority paradigm of bureaucratic management. There are three main approaches to using the network concept: Policy networks as a specific form of governance, Typologies of network structure in a policy subsystem and Formal network analysis. Network Management is a form of management consisting of coordinating strategies from different participants with varied goals and preferences in regards to a problemolicy measure within an interorganizational network. Number of actors involved, Complexity of policy networks, Degree that network is selfreferential, Absence of conflicts of interest, and the Cost involved affect  success . Each of dimensions of policy network performance can be linked to the costs of policy networks. Policy networks goes beyond the onedimensional new public management conceptualization of performance that focuses on efficiency and effectiveness Originality/Value: To sum up, this essay is an insightful and intuitive one for anybody who wants to ponder on the different and various dimensions of policy network in formulation of policies and policy making.