بررسی مقایسه‎ای مبانی متافیزیکی نظریه‌ی سیاسی در ایران و چین باستان

اگر کیهان‌شناسی عصر آگاهیِ اسطوره‌‌ای را پایه‌ی نخستینِ شکل متافیزیک و بنیادِ رشد یک جهان‌شناسی منسجم به‌شمار آوریم، هم در تمدن چین و هم در تمدن ایران باستان نظریه‌ی سیاسی با یک منظومه‌ی متافیزیکی در پیوند انداموار قرار گرفته است. باتوجه به شباهت‌های قابل توجه‌ی منظومه‌های کیهان‌شناسی در میان نخستین اقوام تمدن‌ساز هم‌چون چینی‌ها، هندی‌ها، مصری‌ها و ایرانی‌ها مقایسه‌ی مبانی متافیزیکی نظریه‌ی سیاسی تمدن‌های باستانی می‌تواند موضوع جالب توجهی در مطالعات حوزه‌ی اندیشه‌ی سیاسی باشد. این نوشته نگاهی فشرده و تطبیقی به مبانی متافیزیکی نظریه‌ی سیاسی در کیهان‌شناسی چین و ایران دارد. پرسش اصلی این است که در دو تمدن کهن چین و ایران نظریه‌ی سیاسی با مبانیِ متافیزیکی آنها چه رابطه‌ای داشته است و در مقامِ مقایسه این ارتباط را چگونه می‌توان مفهوم‌بندی کرد؟ این مطالعه می‌تواند به درک بهتر ما از سرشت اندیشه سیاسی در دوره آغازین تمدن بشر کمک کند.

Comparative Look at the Metaphysical Foundations of State Theory in Ancient Iran and China

Abstract Brushing aside the development of conceptual elements of Iranian and Chinese cosmologies, as yet we can generally specify their certain identity as a system. The main question is that what kind of relation has there been between political theory and metaphysical foundations in ancient Iran and China and how can we conceptualize this relation?   Chinese Cosmology In Chinese cosmology, the universe is the kingdom of dynamics, vital force and spiritual theme and its values incline toward the good. The good has its origin in God, being or nature. However, there needs human attempt for its achievement. In one of the first ideas of Chinese cosmology, the universe consists of nine elements. The eighth element includes various signs which elaborate on King’s duties and guides him. The untimely emergence of signs is an alert to king so that he change his behavior. Harmony and balance are the main aspects of Chinese cosmology. This principle implies that all forms of individual life should be considered valuable. The complete fulfillment of our being and of other beings is possible in regard with fairness, justice and unselfishness. This principle implies total equality of all forms of individual life and maintaining its life and dignity in all forms. This means that all of them are entitled to be treated with kindness.   Iranian Cosmology There is some form of cosmic circle in Iranian cosmology which involves the conflict of good and evil. This conflict ultimately leads to the conquest of good over evil. In fact, the higher stage of human perfection and is accomplished in Resurrection. The cosmic circle in Iranian cosmology leads to Resurrection and perennial annihilation of evildoers, and the rule of Ashe and the ultimate kingship of Ahura Mazda. In this cosmology, The King is considered the chosen of heavenly gods. The king considered himself as director of gods’ affairs. Therefore, the kings can attempt to set up justice. Also, in Iranian beliefs, there is an interesting parallel between social degrees and cosmological hierarchies. Mitra and Verone were the symbol of religious caste, Indere the symbol of warriors caste, and Nasite the symbol of producers caste. Of course, in old Chinese myths, the system of social configuration had a divine dimension too. In one of old Chinese myths, humans which is composed of yellow clay turn into nobles, and humans which is composed of dust turn into the people.   Conclusion The Iranian dualistic thought involves the conception of the promised man and political leader as a authority which is connected with Resurrection. But, Chinese thought is monistic the evil forces don’t have a fundamental status in it. In Chinese wisdom, political leadership belongs to the learned the learned leader doesn’t have an status in Resurrection and final deliverance.