روان‌شناسی سیاسی دولت خودکامه در اندیشه مانس اشپربر

اندیشه‌ورزی در خصوص چگونگی شکل‌گیری، بسترها و زمینه‌های دولت خودکامه پیشینه عمیقی در اندیشه سیاسی دارد. اما سابقه مطالعات مربوط به ارتباط و پیوند بین این مدل از نظام‌های سیاسی با روان‌شناسی به قرن بیستم و بعد از شکل‌گیری حکومت‌های غیر دموکراتیک در اروپای غربی بازمی‌گردد. از جمله افرادی که به تبیین پدیده دولت خودکامه با بهره‌گیری از علم روان‌شناسی پرداخت، مانس اشپربر بود که در مطالعات و تحقیقات روان‌شناسانه خود به شدت تحت تاثیر آموزه‌های روان‌شناسی فردی آدلر است و از مفاهیم محوری او در روان‌شناسی سیاسی دولت خودکامه بهره گرفته است. اشپربر که در اوایل طرفدار دو آتشه دولت استالین بود اما بعد از اتفاقات و ترورهای وحشتناک دولت استالین در دهه 1930 از آن روی‌گردان شد و با نوشتن آثاری چند، به این موضوع پرداخت که چگونه یک دولت خودکامه در کشورها شکل می‌گیرد. هدف این مقاله، شناخت ابعاد روان‌شناسی سیاسی دولت خودکامه طبق نظرات و دیدگاه‌های اشپربر است. سوال اصلی این مقاله این است که دولت‌های خودکامه در اندیشه مانس اشپربر چگونه و بر چه اساسی شکل می‌گیرند و رهبر خودکامه و جامعه میزبان این نوع دولت، دارای چه خصوصیات روانی هستند؟ برای پاسخ به این سوال، کتاب معروف اشپربر تحت عنوان «بررسی روان‌شناختی خودکامگی» مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که در روان‌شناسی سیاسی اشپربر، دولت‌های خودکامه صرفاً و تحت دو رویداد و پیش‌شرط اساسی -یکی وجود فرد دارای شرایط خودکامگی و دیگری وجود جامعه‌ای توده‌ای و از هم گسیخته– امکان تحقق و فعلیت پیدا می‌کنند.

the political psychology of the autocratic state in the thought of mance sperber

introduction the exploration of the formation and context of the tyrannical state has a long history in political thought. however, the connection between tyrannical political systems and psychology emerged in the twentieth century, particularly after the rise of non-democratic governments in western europe. manès sperber was a key figure who sought to explain the tyrannical state through the lens of psychology. sperber, deeply influenced by adler’s theories of individual psychology, integrated these central concepts into his analysis of the political psychology of the tyrannical state. initially a strong supporter of the stalinist state, sperber distanced himself after the horrific events and purges of the 1930s, leading him to write extensively on how tyrannical states are formed in different countries. the current study aimed to explore the dimensions of political psychology of the tyrannical state as viewed by manès sperber. it tried to address the following questions: how do tyrannical states form according to sperber? and what psychological characteristics define the tyrannical leader and the host society?materials and methodsto answer the research questions, the study critically analyzed sperber’s 1939 book zur analyse der tyrannis [on the analysis of tyranny]. the arguments were then put forward by focusing on the key themes and episodes of sperber’s ideas about the tyrannical state.results and discussionaccording to the results, sperber’s life can be divided into two main stages. in the first stage, influenced by the developments in europe and his spirit of seeking justice, he held a positive and favorable view of socialism and the soviet union. during this time, he actively produced works and statements supporting these ideas. however, starting in the mid-1930s, his views shifted dramatically. he became a critic of both the soviet union and stalin’s policies. sperber’s new perspective gave rise to a novel field of scientific inquiry known as political psychology. this interdisciplinary branch of social sciences aimed to analyze the political behaviors of leaders, political figures, groups, and individuals, ultimately aiming to offer a deeper understanding of the political behaviors of both leaders and the masses. the findings of this research indicated that, in sperber’s political psychology, the tyrannical state can only emerge under two essential conditions: the presence of an individual with the capacity for tyrannical rule, and the existence of a mass and disintegrated society. sperber analyzed the tyrannical state through the lens of adler’s individual psychology. according to adler’s theory, individuals who experience physical or mental deficiencies often develop an inferiority complex. this feeling of inferiority drives them to seek compensation, eventually leading to a sense of superiority. these individuals, as described in sperber’s political psychology, are predisposed to tyrannical leadership and may become autocratic figures. however, as he points out, the mere presence of such individuals in society does not necessarily result in the rise of a tyrannical state. while many such individuals may exist across different societies, they can only attain power under conditions where economic, social, and political circumstances provide an opportunity, and where the populace is prepared to accept their rule. therefore, not everyone in society is in a position to achieve tyrannical leadership. in sperber’s theory, another key factor for the emergence of a tyrannical state is a mass, disintegrated society—one in which individuals lack dependence on or solidarity with one another, creating a highly atomized society.