آموزش و نوسازی ایران در دولت پهلوی اول

هرچند تماس ایران با تحولات جهان غرب را می‌توان در سفرنامه‌های اروپایی ایرانیان در دوره صفویه و قاجار جستجو کرد اما آشنایی بُن فکنانه ایرانیان با غرب به دوران جنگ ایران و روس بازمی‌گردد. پس از جنگ ایران و روسیه در قرن نوزدهم میلادی، زمینه آشنایی ایرانیان با غرب در ابعاد مختلف فراهم شد. اصلاح‌گران ایرانی به‌منظور آشنایی ایرانیان با رویه‌های تمدن غربی و نو‌سازی ایران تلاش‌های مستمری را از اعزام محصلان به اروپا تا ترجمه متون غربی و تاسیس نهادهای آموزشی نوین انجام دادند تا عقب‌ماندگی ایران از اروپا را کاهش دهند. تاسیس نظام آموزشی جدید مهم‌ترین علاقه‌ای بود که نخبگان ایرانی در دوره‌های مختلف از قاجار تا پهلوی به دنبال آن بودند و پس از انقلاب مشروطه و سپس روی کار آمدن دولت پهلوی اول، امکان تحقق نظام آموزشی نوین در ایران فراهم شد. پرسش پژوهش حاضر این است که عملکرد دولت رضاشاه در زمینه نوسازی نظام آموزشی چه تغییراتی در ایران پدید آورد؟ این پژوهش با تمرکز بر نظریه نخبه‌گرایی، عملکرد دولت رضاشاه را در زمینه نو‌سازی ایران و ایجاد نظام آموزشی جدید موردبررسی قرار می‌دهد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد اقدامات دولت رضاشاه در نوسازی نظام آموزشی، به گسترش دیوان‌سالاری مدرن، سکولاریسم، ملی‌گرایی و غرب‌گرایی انجامید. این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی و تاریخی موردبررسی قرارگرفته است.

education and modernization of iran in the first pahlavi government

although iran’s contact with developments in the western world can be found in the european travelogues of iranians during the “safavid” and “qajar” periods, but iranians’ dealings with the west go back to the iran-russia war.when iran’s military forces were defeated by russia, “abbas mirza”, the war commander and qajar crown prince, decided to increase iran’s military power by hiring military, medical and technical experts from europe and sending a number of iranian students to the west. as a result, from the beginning of the 19th century, reforming the educational system and importing technology and hiring military experts from europe were the first actions of the crown prince to modernize iran. so, from the beginning of the 19th century, reforming the educational system and importing technology and hiring military experts were among the first actions of the crown prince for modernization in iran. the link between iran’s modernization and westernization created consequences and opposition in the country, and the traditional and religious system of education in iran did not reflect it, and iran’s modernization faced complex obstacles. after “abbas mirza”, the other efforts of iranian reformers in modernizing and reforming education in iran continued with the establishment of “daral-funu”, school of political sciences, missionary and “rushdieh” schools until the formation of the constitution in 1906. but iran could not benefit from a modern government and a coherent education system. this goal was postponed until the establishment of an absolute government during reza shah’s period, and it was with the emergence of his government that the modernization of iran in various dimensions with a focus on modern education became the fundamental goal of the new government.so far, many researches have examined the performance of the first pahlavi government and his modernization policies in iran, but the studies have mainly focused on the government’s identity building policy and less attention has been paid to the mutual effects of modernization and modern education in iranian society. by examining the studies, the distinction and innovation of the current research is the explanation of modernization and education in the first pahlavi government by relying on the theory of elitism. based on this, the current research has tried to discuss and investigate the educational policies and measures of the first pahlavi government, considering the cultural trends of modernization, such as the expansion of educational institutions and bureaucracy, nationalism and secularism. therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze the modernization and education in the first pahlavi period and the fundamental change of iranian society. the main question of the current research is; what changes did the performance of reza shah’s government in the field of modernizing the educational system bring about in iran? in order to investigate this issue, the current research has been investigated through descriptive and historical analysis. historical analysis is a method that examines past records and documents to understand the past. in this research, by examining the actions and historical documents of the first pahlavi government, an attempt has been made to analyze the modernization and educational policies of this period.as the findings of the research show, the constitutional failure in the formation of the centralized government of iran was the basis for the emergence of the pahlavi i absolute government and reza shah’s authoritarian modernization in the country. focusing on the political and military forces and the structure of the army, court and bureaucracy under modernization from above, his government started measures to transition iran from traditional to capitalist and modern. one of the most important actions of this authoritarian modernization was the expansion of education in iran.