Psychological Models of Adjustment To Chronic Illnessesمدلهای سازگاری روانشناختی با بیماریهای مزمن

The uncontrollable and unpredictable nature of a chronic illness, in addition to experience of fear, anger, uncertain t about future and sorrow makes a person to perceive the disease as a dangerous factor. during the 20th century th theories of coping has aroused from two traditions including psychodynamic thought and cognitive psychology. ov e time, three concepts of a search for meaning in the experience; an attempt to gain a sense of control or mastery over th illness; and an effort to restore self-esteem were considered as effective factors in adjustment to chronic illness. in late studies, researches gradually became interested in the structure of coping, and contextually-based models of coping an so the sociological model, integrative, biopsychosocial model, and interactive model were presented. with increasin knowledge and understanding of the consequences of chronic disease, personal resources such as demograph characteristics, intellectual ability and personality characteristics as well as health-related factors such as disea se severity, location and type of disability, health-care environment and treatment procedures were added to previou factors of psychological models. recently acute stressor or critical events such as initial diagnosis, change in prognosis, progression, and/or disability were also considered in presenting a model of psychological adjustment to chron illnesses. further progress on the issue of psychological adjustment to chronic illness was the understanding the role o stress on the immune system. in this way stressor ultimately impact on disease/ syndrome activity, which in tu r influences physical adjustment outcomes, via interactions between psychosocial variables that influence neuroendocrin and immune mechanisms.

Psychological models of adjustment to chronic illnesses

The uncontrollable and unpredictable nature of a chronic illness, in addition to experience of fear, anger, uncertainty about future and sorrow makes a person to perceive the disease as a dangerous factor. During the 20th century the theories of coping has aroused from two traditions including psychodynamic thought and cognitive psychology. Over time, three concepts of a search for meaning in the experience; an attempt to gain a sense of control or mastery over the illness; and an effort to restore selfesteem were considered as effective factors in adjustment to chronic illness. In later studies, researches gradually became interested in the structure of coping, and contextuallybased models of coping and so the sociological model, integrative, biopsychosocial model, and interactive model were presented. With increasing knowledge and understanding of the consequences of chronic disease, personal resources such as demographic characteristics, intellectual ability and personality characteristics as well as healthrelated factors such as disease severity, location and type of disability, healthcare environment and treatment procedures were added to previous factors of psychological models. Recently acute stressor or critical events such as initial diagnosis, change in prognosis, progression, and/or disability were also considered in presenting a model of psychologica Sourcel adjustment to chronic illnesses. Further progress on the issue of psychological adjustment to chronic illness was the understanding the role of stress on the immune system. In this way stressor ultimately impact on disease/ syndrome activity, which in turn influences physical adjustment outcomes, via interactions between psychosocial variables that influence neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms.