دو دهه پایش تالاب مهارلو با استفاده از داده های ماهواره ای در گوگل ارث انجین

پایش تالاب‌ها با استفاده از روش‌های سنتی، زمان ‌بر و مستلزم هزینه‌ی زیاد است. امروزه به‌منظور پایش و مدیریت تالاب‌ها، از دورسنجی ماهواره‌ای و قابلیت‌های گوگل ارث انجین استفاده می‌گردد. در این پژوهش سعی شد طی دو دهه‌‌ی اخیر از تصاویر ماهواره‌ی لندست، تی.آر.ام.ام، مادیس و گریس در حوضه‌ی آبریز گشنگان که تالاب مهارلو نیز در آن واقع شده، به‌منظور ارزیابی تغییرات وسعت آب تالاب و برخی از عوامل احتمالی تاثیرگذار بر آن استفاده شود. میانگین مساحت آب تالاب منتج ازawei_shadow  در پنج ساله‌ی اول، دوم، سوم و چهارم به‌ترتیب مقادیر 200.41، 162.65، 137.82 و 117.81 کیلومتر مربع را نتیجه داد که به کاهش 37.76، 24.83 و 20 کیلومتر مربع در این بازه‌ های زمانی اشاره داشت. پوشش گیاهی حوضه مستخرج از ndvi در سال 2000، 282 هکتار نتیجه گردید و در سال 2019 این مقدار به 390 هکتار افزایش یافت. ارزیابی داده‌های گریس نشان داد که از سال 2008 به بعد، تمامی مقادیر تراز آب زیرزمینی، منفی است. نتایج آزمون من-‌کندال دلالت بر آن داشت که تغییرات توده‌های آبی، پوشش گیاهی، میزان بارش و تراز آب زیرزمینی به‌ترتیب دارای روند کاهشی، افزایشی، افزایشی و کاهشی بوده است و در رابطه با مقادیر تبخیر- تعرق، روندی مشاهده نشد. به‌نظر می‌رسد در حوضه‌ی مورد مطالعه، افزایش وسعت پوشش گیاهی و متعاقب آن برداشت آب از سفره‌های زیرزمینی به مرور زمان بر روند کاهشی وسعت توده‌های آبی تالاب تاثیر گذاشته است. پیشنهاد می‌گردد به‌منظور مدیریت بهینه‌ی این تالاب و جلوگیری از خشک شدن آن، حد بستر و حریم تالاب، با استفاده از سایر شاخص‌های دورسنجی آبی تعیین گردد. همچنین، پیشنهاد می‌شود روش‌های مصرف آب و الگوی کشت در نواحی اطراف این تالاب، مورد بازبینی قرار گیرد.

Two decades of monitoring Maharloo Wetland using satellite data provided in Google Earth Engine

Extended AbstractIntroductionHuman activities as well as environmental and climate changes affect the trends of wetlands. Detecting and monitoring aquifers are considered to be very important for evaluation of past, present, and future influential factors, and the findings of such studies are essential for taking measures and making decisions based on the goals of sustainable water and soil resources management. Over the past decade, many researchers around the world have been attracted to remote sensing and especially satellite remote sensing and used this technology to detect such changes over time. The present study has used Landsat (monitoring the area of water body), TRMM (monitoring rainfall), MODIS (monitoring vegetation and evapotranspiration), Grace (monitoring groundwater) satellite images available in Google Earth Engine to study last two decades changes (from 2000 to 2019) in Maharloo wetland, Goshnegan catchment and their surroundings. Materials & MethodsMaharloo wetland is located in Fars province and Goshnegan catchment (426 square kilometers). The present study has used Landsat 7 and 8 images to extract the area of water body, TRMM images to obtain precipitation values, MODIS products to calculate NDVI and evapotranspiration, and data received from Grace to extract changes in groundwater level. These satellite images were available in Google Earth Engine. MannKendall test was also used to assess the overall trend of the aforementioned factors. Results & DiscussionThe automated water extraction index was used in the present study to identify and estimate the area covered by ​​water bodies in the study area. The largest area belonged to 2006 (216.76 square kilometers) and the smallest belonged to 2018 (66 square kilometers). In 2000 (the beginning of the reference period), an area of ​​216.52 square kilometers was covered by this wetland which is close to what was observed in 2006. In 2018, this has reduced to 66 square kilometers. Thus, there is about 150.72 square kilometers (69.54 percent) difference between these two years. In 2009, the total area has reduced to 66.67 square kilometers. A numerical comparison between 2000 and 2019 also indicates a reduction of 91.17 square kilometers (42% decrease) in the total area covered by this wetland. Also, a 53.72 square kilometers (29.60%) difference was observed between the average area covered by the water body in the first and second ten years. Since calculated pvalue value (< 0.00001) is less than the alpha level (0.05), so a significant trend was observed in the average annual data of the area covered by this wetland. Kendall’s tau also indicated declining trend of the collected data. Groundwater level was calculated using data received from Grace Satellite to investigate the role of groundwater level in reducing the area covered by the ​​water body. Results indicated that since 2008, groundwater level ​​have always showed a negative value (a decreasing trend). For an instance, a groundwater level of 10.86 cm in 2019 indicates a decrease in the water level in the study area. As the calculated pvalue (< 0.0001) is less than the alpha level (0.05), so a significant decreasing trend was observed in the groundwater level. Results of MannKendall test (0.6) also indicated that changes in water bodies, vegetation, rainfall and groundwater level had a decreasing, increasing, increasing and decreasing trend, respectively. No significant trend was observed in evapotranspiration. It seems that the expansion of agricultural lands and subsequent water extraction from aquifers have intensified the decreasing trend of water bodies in this wetland. ConclusionWetlands provide many ecological services including water treatment, natural hazard prevention, soil and water protection, and coastline management (Amani et al., 2019). Therefore, understanding the importance of wetlands and their management need to be seriously considered by relevant organizations in different countries of the world, and Iran is no exception. Satellite data and remote sensing methods and techniques are considered to be one of the most important and costeffective methods of monitoring wetlands. The present study used satellite data collected by Landsat, MODIS, Grace, and TRMM to monitor water bodies, vegetation, groundwater level, and rainfall in Goshnegan catchment in which Maharloo wetland is located. The results of MannKendall test showed a decreasing annual trend for changes in the average area of ​​this wetland. This decreasing trend is considered to be a serious threat to human settlements around the wetland which can intensify over time. It will also affect the thermal islands of Shiraz and Sarvestan in near future. Obviously, management of agricultural and forest land uses with the aim of stopping their increasing trend can improve water balance in catchment areas. A 132.2 ha (approximately 36.16%) difference was observed between the average vegetation cover in this catchment area over the first and second ten years (233.4 vs. 365.6 ha). It seems that the expansion of agricultural lands and subsequent water extraction from aquifers have intensified the decreasing trend of water bodies in this wetland. Due to the proximity of this wetland to the city of Shiraz and its importance as an ecological and tourist attraction, it is suggested that related authorities (Department of Environment and Water Organization) demarcate lake bed and riparian zone with the help of remote sensing researchers to improve the management of this wetland and prevent it from drying up. Also, it is suggested that the Organization of Agriculture Jihad review and improve water consumption methods and cultivation patterns in the areas surrounding this wetland.