استفاده از اطلاعات مکانی مردم گستر در به روزرسانی اطلاعات خشکسالی منابع آبی

در سال‌های اخیر روند تغییرات اقلیمی باعث افزایش پدیده خشکسالی در مناطق مختلف کشور شده است.بنابراین برای مدیریت و برنامه ریزی منابع محدود آب کسب اطلاعات کافی از میزان حجم و تغییرات آن بسیار حائز اهمیت می‌باشد.اخذ این اطلاعات عموماً از طریق روش‌های متداول از قبیل سنجش از دور، فتوگرامتری یا نقشه‌برداری زمینی صورت می‌گیرد. این گونه روش‌ها نیازمند زمان و هزینه نسبتاً بالایی هستند. در این میان استفاده از قابلیت توده و انبوه مردم هم به لحاظ کثرت، هم به لحاظ توزیع و البته از حیث سرعت و زمان می‌تواند حلال بسیاری از مشکلات باشد.محیط‌های اطلاعات مکانی مردم گستر این امکان را فراهم آورده که مردم نه تنها نقش استفاده‌کننده بلکه نقش تولیدکننده را هم ایفا کنند.هدف مقاله حاضر طراحی و پیاده سازی محیط اطلاعاتی مردم گستری به منظور دریافت اطلاعات مکانی مرتبط با میزان خشکسالی منابع آبی به منظور به‌روزرسانی داده‌های خشکسالی می‌باشد.روش کار به این صورت است که کاربران می‌توانند اطلاعات مربوط به میزان تغییرات سطوح منابع آبی را به همراه مختصات محلشان برای به‌روزرسانی در اختیار پایگاه داده مکانی منابع آبی قرار دهند.به منظور ارزیابی میزان اعتماد پذیری این داده‌ها از سه المان صحت مکانی،صحت توصیفی و تمامیت استفاده شده است.پس از بررسی داده‌ها میزان صحت مکانی میانگین داده‌ها 5/12 متر، صحت توصیفی داده‌ها به صورت میانگین 67 درصد و تمامیت داده‌ها 75 درصد تشخیص داده شد. از آنجایی که تمام داده‌ها با استفاده از gps به دست آمده است و دخالت دستی کاربران در این مورد حداقل می‌باشد، این میزان دقت قابل پیش‌بینی بود. صحت توصیفی داده‌ها هم به علت وجود ابهام کاربران در به اشتراک‌گذاری نام محل یا نام منبع آبی به عنوان داده ارسالی، مقدار نسبتاً پایینی به خود می‌گیرد. درصد تمامیت اطلاعات مکانی مردم گستر هم در تکمیل داده‌های منابع آبی می‌تواند نشانگر قابلیت این اطلاعات در به‌روزرسانی پایگاه داده منابع آبی باشد.

Updating information on water resources droughtusing volunteered geographic information

IntroductionIn recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades due to various causes, including industrial and agricultural development and population growth. Apart from the natural causes, the lack of proper management and planning of water resources is one of the main reasons for drought occurrence in the country. It’s obvious that every program needs reliable and updated information to help planners make decisions. Therefore, information onthe volume changes and the amount of water is of great importance in the management of the limited water resources. This information is usually obtained using conventional methods of remote sensing, surveying and photogrammetry which require significant amount of time and money. On the other hand, obtaining information from people is very beneficial due to the high speed, low cost of preparation and high volume of shared information. Volunteered Geographic Information provides an environment for the acquisition of spatial information from ordinary and expert people.Recently, many researcheshave been carried outon geography, natural resources and geosciencesin relation to the voluntary applications of spatial information in crisis management, and it has been proved that these data are suitable for managing longterm and shortterm crises. Regarding the water management in particular, researches have been carried out on collecting water pollution information through sharing the location and the type of water pollution. The issue of drought in water resources has not been taken into consideration in this category of investigations.Another category of the researches is about the type of architecture used to obtain popular information from the volunteered spatial information, while the quality of this information has been ignored. In another category of the researches, users identify and report the rate of changes in water resources using remote sensing and aerial images but, this method is indirect and does not share information instantaneously and directly. Materials and methodsThe aim of this paper is to design and develop a Volunteered Geographic Information system for receiving and updating drought information on natural water resources. To do so, users send the information on water volume and its changes as well as the location, to the drought information spatial database. The case study of this paper is the water resources of the rivers and lakes of the TashkBakhteganMaharloubasin. TashkBakhteganMaharlou is a basin region in the province of Fars in Iran,and the reason for choosing this basin as a case study isthe abundance and diversity of water resources in the area. A Webbased mobile application has been developed to receive the popular information of water resources. Users can share information based on the level of access. This level of access is determined based on the level of users’ expertise and occupation relative to water sciences. In order to implement this system, a client server architecture was employed, in which SQL Server was used as the updating and managing system of the spatial database, ArcGIS Server as a spatial server, WCF Service to receive thematic information, JSON as the format of exchanging data and Android as the client’s development language.  Discussion and resultsIn order to evaluate this system,the spatial accuracy, descriptive accuracy and the integrity of the Volunteered Geographic Information were measured. After the evaluation, a spatial accuracy of 12.5 meters, a descriptive accuracy of 67%, and the integrity of 75% were obtained. Moreover, 80% of the Volunteered Geographic Information hadan area of more than 1 Hectares,representing the interest of the users in sharing lakes with wider areas. Meanwhile, 65% of the Volunteered Geographic Information has a density of 27 lines per Hectare, indicating that people are willing to share rivers with denser branches. ConclusionSince the datawas collected by smartphones’ GPS,this amount of spatial accuracy was predictable. Descriptive accuracy obtained is relatively low due tothe ambiguity in the naming of received data. The high integrityindicatesthe capability of the system in updating drought spatial database over a short period of time. Therefore, it seems that the Volunteered Geographic Informationon drought is generally acceptable for completing the water resources database and for the management and making decisions on the planning of conserving water resources in a short time with low cost.