Water loss detection in water distribution networks by artificial immune systems-based on model calibration

This study aims at the development of an optimization model based on a model calibration, using artificial immune systems (ais) for quantifying and locating water losses in water distribution networks (wdns). the modified clonal selection algorithm (modified clonalg), a class of ais, was used as a heuristic optimization technique in the model. epanet 2 was used in conjunction with the model. the model was applied to two-loop virtual wdn under steady-state conditions in order to test its performance in the detection of water losses in both pipes and nodes. the results showed that the model appeared to be promising in terms of the water loss detection in wdns.