antimicrobial effects of hydroxyapatite mosaicked polyvinyl alcohol‑alginate semi‑interpenetrating hydrogel‑loaded with ethanolic extract of glycyrrhiza glabra against oral pathogens

Glycyrrhiza glabra (gg) elicits protective effects against periodontal diseases. however, the sustained bioavailability of gg extract at therapeutic concentration warrants ideal delivery vehicles. present study has focused on the design, fabrication, and evaluations of ethanolic-crude extract of gg-loaded semi-interpenetrating network (semi-ipn) hydrogel (haaps-gg) using alginic acid and polyvinyl alcohol (pva) hydrogel mosaicked with ha for periodontal regeneration. the study has examined the performance of the hydrogel against the selected oral pathogens s. mutans, e. faecalis, l. acidophilus andc. albicans. haaps-gg was successfully fabricated and the surface functional groups were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-infrared (atr-ir) spectroscopy. haaps-gg displayed interconnecting pores, hydrophilicity and excellent water profile contributing to the biocompatibility as evident from direct contact and mtt assay in l929 fibroblasts. the hydrogel was mechanically stable and was immunocompatible owing to the relatively decreased levels of pro-inflammatory media- tors cox2, 5lpo, inos and mpo in raw 264.7 macrophages. in addition, the transcript analysis on raw 264.7 revealed the down-regulation of inflammatory transcription factor nf-κβ and the pro-inflammatory cytokine tnf-α. importantly, haaps-gg arrested the progression of periodontal pathogens predominantly s. mutans, and c. albicans as evident by disc diffusion assay, mtt assay and confocal microscopy. overall, the haaps-gg system offers promising translational avenues in periodontal regeneration.