بررسی جایگاه ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی در خلق معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی

زیبایی محیط شهری به‌عنوان بستری که هر روزه توسط طیف وسیعی از مردم تجربه می شود؛ جزو نیازهای متعالی انسان بوده است؛ و به مثابه محرکی برای شکوفایی وی عمل می کند. لذا در شکل‌دهی و طراحی محیط، مقوله هنر و رابطه آن با موضوع زیبایی ‌شناسی از اهمیت شایان توجهی برخوردار است و در سطح جامعه به پدیده ای ارزشی و هدفمند نیز بدل می شود. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی مفهوم نظری ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی است؛ تا علاوه بر شناسایی و نقش ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی ایرانی اسلامی، به تبیین جایگاه کابردی ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی در خلق معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی اسلامی بپردازد. این هدف در راستای پاسخگویی به سوالات اصلی است: ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی در دو دیدگاه جهان غرب و ایرانی اسلامی از چه جایگاه نظری برخوردار است؟! و کاربرد عملی احصای ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی در معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی اسلامی چیست؟! تحقیق حاضر از نوع بنیادی نظری با رویکرد کیفی است؛ که در آن جمع‌آوری داده‌ها و اطلاعات کیفی با استفاده از منابع اسنادی مکتوب علمی و کتابخانه‌ای در حوزه‌های علوم مرتبط با زیبایی‌شناسی انجام می گیرد و اطلاعات تحلیلی با تعمیم به حوزه معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی اسلامی با روش استدلال قیاسی به استحصال نظری ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی ‌شناسی و اصول کاربردی خلق معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی اسلامی می پردازد. یافته‌های این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که چهار دسته اصلی ارزش‌های بنیادین زیبایی‌شناسی در اسلام، 1. ارزش‌های زیبایی‌شناسی معقول، 2. محسوس، 3. معقول مستند بر محسوس، و 4. محسوس مستند بر معقول بوده‌است و این ارزش‌ها به ترتیب در ارتباط با زمینه‌های منطقی، عاطفی و اخلاقی، معنا و رمزپردازی، آرمان‌ها و ایده‌های معقول می ‌باشند که در بستر معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی اسلامی بکار گرفته می‌ شوند.

The study of the status of fundamental aesthetics values in creating Iranian-Islamic architecture and urbanism

Beauty is related to experiencing beauty events, which has different beauty experiences among people due to different circumstances, however, understanding beauty is incredibly difficult. On one hand, the public agree that beauty is considered a value as far as its particular manifestations are pleasing, on the other hand, as it is worth studying, it is considered an educational issue. Moreover, as it is a living object of social development, it is also regarded as a cultural topic. An artistic work, whether a result of one #39;s work or a product of the artistic innovation of a group, appears due to inspirations or advices of a society and necessarily resembles the color of society. Undoubtedly, features of artist #39;s life and even his/her physical features are reflected in his/her artwork, but reflection is not direct, and indeed it can be recognized and measured after passing through filtering of society. The beauty of urban environment as a living space, experienced by a wide range of people every day, is one of transcendental needs of human and functions as a stimulus for his flourishing. Therefore, in forming and designing the environment, category of art and its relation to aesthetics is of high significance and becomes a valuable and purposeful phenomenon in the society. Although aesthetic values differ between various cultures and communities, if these values are in conflict with cultural issues of society, they will create rational, accepted, and emotional norms of society. In addition, considering undeniable relation of any designing and shaping human life environment, like designing environment with art and also the relation of this reformulations with spiritual concepts of beauty, the concept of aesthetics which is in fact basis of philosophical and theoretical designs, becomes of great importance. On the other hand, urban buildings and spaces as an identifier of Iranian cities, have been shaped under the influence of IranianIslamic artistic and thought patterns over many years and have provided opportunity for public cooperation and interactions and in present era, with evolution of architecture and urbanism, process of designing and creating urban spaces has declined and a defective role of national identity and IranianIslamic culture is manifested, which indeed, ignoring these issues in designing has led to lack of originality and validity of the design. Therefore, this study attempts to consider the mentioned importance and answer vital questions of what is the theoretical position of fundamental aesthetic values in two views of the West and IranianIslamic world?! What is practical application of an overview of the fundamental aesthetic values in IslamicIranian architecture and urbanism? , Thus, the current paper investigates theoretical concept of fundamental aesthetics values, to identify IranianIslamic fundamental aesthetics values and explain functional status of fundamental aesthetic values in creating IslamicIranian architecture and urbanism as well. As this paper attempts to deepen fundamental aesthetic values in creating IslamicIranian architecture and urbanism, it is considered basic research. Since urbanization is an interdisciplinary field, subject of aesthetics can be examined in the humanities and school sciences (theoretical and practical wisdom) and in science (physical dimensions).This research is developmental and functional in terms of purpose and approach (characteristics and nature of data) and qualitative nature and methods; it is a description of type of content analysis and in the section of theoretical framework is interrogative. The information is collected by generalizing to field of IranianIslamic architecture and urban planning with method of deductive reasoning seeks to explain basic values of aesthetics and provide a new classification appropriate to principles of creating IranianIslamic architecture and urban planning. The collection of data and qualitative information in this research is also using written scientific documentary sources and libraries in order to explain conceptual model of research.In a general conclusion, it can be said that today in Iran, beauty is either imitated by Western models or there are many shortcomings in applying the principles of IranianIslamic aesthetics.This is due to the lack of a true understanding of fundamental values of Islamic Iranian aesthetics.Therefore, a suitable framework should be created for architects and urban planners, who can extract desired criteria by considering basic values of aesthetics. For this purpose, studies have been done in previous studies and theoretical basis to assess direct relationship of aesthetics factors. These factors show relationship between fundamental values of IranianIslamic aesthetics and types, criteria and subcriteria of aesthetics. Therefore, findings of research on fundamental values of aesthetics in Islam include four main categories:1. Reasonable aesthetics 2. Sensible 3. Reasonable based on sensible, and 4. Sensible based on reasonable. Furthermore, in order to evolve the fundamental values of aesthetics, types of aesthetics are needed, these include: 1. Logical values, 2. Meaning and codification values, 3. Aspirations and logical ideas respectively and 4. Emotional and moral contexts values. These values which are directly related to fundamental values of IranianIslamic aesthetics and IranianIslamic aesthetic criteria, are related to practical application of an overview of fundamental values of aesthetics in IranianIslamic architecture and urban planning. Since aesthetic criteria are basis for assessment, to identify and select t fundamental values of aesthetics, these criteria include; Harmony (purposefulness, proportionality, balance, order, symmetry, correspondence), meaningfulness and perception (spiritual influence, equation, contrast, free will, disinterestedness), absolute selfexistence of God (hierarchy, unity, ideal of embodiment, concentration, harmony, peace, vicinity, sophistication), emotional pleasure (relationships between shapes and forms and colors, pure manifestation of emotions and feelings) and stability and identity (piety, inclusion, freedom, connection with past and future, emergence of nature) and are directly related to types of aesthetic values. Thus, architecture and urban projects can offer new patterns in terms of IranianIslamic culture and employ creativity of designers. This was done by creating a logical relationship between aesthetic values and application of values in theoretical field of architecture and urban project.