تدوین متون شهرسازی بر پایه متون ارزشمند ایرانی (با تاکید بر اخلاق اسلامی)

یکی از شیوه های ایجاد و یا بومی کردن متن های شهرسازی در ایران، خصوصاً در سال های اخیر بهره گیری از متون کهن ارزشمند ایرانی بوده است. متن های شهرسازی که تاکنون از متون کهن ایرانی الهام گرفته اند، هیچکدام بر شیوه خاصی تاکید نکرده اند، اما این مقاله قصد دارد، شیوه ای را برای این امر معرفی کند. همچنین برای درک بهتر از این روش، از میان متون کهن، متن های با موضوع اخلاق، بعنوان متون پایه برگزیده شده است. پرسش اصلی که این مقاله به آنها پاسخ می دهد عبارتست از: روش مناسب بهرهگیری از متون اخلاق ایرانیاسلامی برای تدوین متون شهرسازی چگونه است؟ از اینرو می توان مقاله حاضر را یک مقاله روش شناسی دانست. با عنایت به اینکه شیوه مناسب برای نگارش مقاله قطعاً می بایست شیوه ای بومی باشد، جستجوی منابع کتابخانه ای در میان شیوه ها و روش های بومی ایرانی صورت گرفت و سرانجام در علوم بلاغت و بدیع زبان فارسی شیوه هایی برای بهره گیری از اثر اولیه بمنظور ایجاد اثر جدید یافت شد. در علم بلاغت اسلامی و زیرمجموعه آن، یعنی بدیع، حدود شانزده آرایه یا صنعت ادبی مرتبط با بهرهگیری از متن اولیه در متنی دیگر بررسی شد. از میان آنها، اقتباس که دارای مفهوم وسیع و دربرگیرنده پانزده آرایه دیگر بود، نه بعنوان یک آرایه جزئی بلکه به مثابه روشِ اصیل ایرانی برای بهره گیری از متون قدیمی ایرانی در تدوین متون جدید شهرسازی پیشنهاد شد. در بخش مبانی نظری از یکسو گونه های اقتباس و از سویی دیگر انواع متون اخلاقی معرفی شدند. سپس با شیوه استنباط و استدلال منطقی هریک از شیوه های مختلف اقتباس برای بهره گیری از انواع متون اخلاقی تشریح شد. در نتایج ابتدا با شیوه اقتباس، نحوه برداشت از عناصر متن اولیه که شامل لفظ، معنا، موضوع، فرم نگارش و نوع زبان بودند و نیز تغییرات آنها از جمله افزایش، کاهش، تبدیل، تاویل، جابجایی، برجسته سازی و ساده نویسی، بودند، در انواع متون اخلاقی بیان شد. سپس چگونگی بکارگیری انواع اقتباس از گونه های متون اخلاقی تشریح شد. با اینکه اکثر گونه های اقتباس برای انواع متون اخلاقی کاربرد داشت، اما استفاده از هر یک در متون اخلاق اسلامی با سه وضعیت مناسب، غیرمناسب و مجاز نیز مشخص شد.

The Compilation of Urbanism Texts by Using the Iranian'sValuable Texts (With Emphasis on the Islamic Ethics)

It is clear that each community should be have the specific urbanism science. Science localization is an obvious matter. This matter has motivated Iranian researchers, in urbanism field, to naturalize urbanism science having been imported to Iran. One method for producing or indigenizing urbanism texts in Iran, especially in recent years, is Utilization of Iranianvaluable texts. There are high valuablenative texts that could be reused for compilation new texts in urbanism field. So far, urbanism researchs have been done that inspired from Iranianvaluable text, such as Nahj_alBalagha, Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Hafez's Divan, Mosibatname of Attar, Nasir Khusraw's Safarnama, HaftPeikar of Nezami and Ibn Kaldun's Moghadame, but none of these researchs were expressed a systematic method. However, this article suggests a specific method to use old texts for creating new urbanism texts. In other words, the main aim of this article is presented an efficient method for Using the Iranian'sValuable Texts in order to compile new urbanism texts. In this article, Islamic ethical texts have been selected for better cognition of suggested method and as a case study too. Ethical texts don't directly mention about urban and urbanism, while explain the best ways of life and relationships in societies. Three questions are intended to be answered here, which are following bellow: 1. What is the proper method of using the Iranian'sValuable Texts for writing the new urbanism texts? 2. How this method  would be applied in different ethical texts? and finally, 3. which kind of urbanism texts would be written by this method?  Therefore, it can be said that this paper is a methodology article.The usage of primary text for creating new text is a theory that is called Intertextuality. However, Intertextuality has not been used here. Because it is not coincident to Iranian culture. A native technique for doing this research is needed. Hence, after many researches among the Iranian techniques, the suitable technique has been found which had called the science of rhetoric (Balaghat) and the science of rhetorical embellishment (Badi). There were about sixteen literary techniques and figures of speech in Balaghat and Badi science. But only one of them, Eghtebas or adaptation, has been selected as the chosen method in this article, as it has the most complete definition in compare to fifteen remained figures. furthermore, it has become quite operationally in other fields as literature and art. The first step in adaptation is selection of the original text. In this regard, it's necessary to consider somethings such as being valuable of the first text, similarity between the culture of the first text and  the new one, timeless and placeless contents of the original text and finally, convertible subject of the original text to the second text. Texts with content of Islamic ethics have been selected as a subject of oldvaluable text which have the whole of mentioned considerations.In the theoretical part, two subjects are defined: The ethical texts and different types of Eghtebas. The ethics have an old and strong precedence in Iran's history. The goal of ethical texts is personality prosperity and after that social and urban prosperity. Four different Islamic ethical texts are introduced. These four types are based on fourdifferent definition about ethics. They are included: 1Mystisim ethics, 2philosophy ethics, 3narative ethics and 4 literary ethics. Mysticism ethics texts are based on Intuition. Philosophy ethical text are base on wisdom, Narrative ethical text are based on revelation and literary ethical texts are based on expediency. Then, different kinds of Eghtebas are explained. In major division, Eghtebas has three different types; dramatic changes, moderate changes and no changes. In minor division of Eghtebas, dramatic changes are included: Recreated, Revision, Using title and Amiq. Also moderate changes are included: Rewriting, Selective writing and Abridgment. The results answer to three questions that previously mentioned.Firstly, four kinds of Eghtebas are explained in relation with four ethical texts by using the inference and logical reasoning method. The new texts of urbanism would be adopted base on the ethical texts. It seems that almost all species of the Eghtebas species are usable for the four types of ethical texts. Althoug, their relation has been shown with suitable, unsuitable and allowable position. For every type of the ethical texts, there is a more appropriate Eghtebas that is included: Recreated for usage from Mysticism ethics, Revision for literary ethics, Rewriting for Philosophy ethics and Selective writing for Narrative ethics.Secondly, the writer of urbanism text can extract word, meaning, subject, writing form and type of language from the original text and reuse them with three positions of no changes, dramatic changes (Recreated, Revision, Using title and Amiq) and moderate changes (Rewriting, Selective writing and Abridgment) in urbanism text.Finally, the new urbanism texts can have different topics such as theoretical and philosophical foundations, normative theories, qualitative features, utopia and urbanism history.