محرم‌سازی مدارس دخترانه با تاکید بر معماری بومی بندر بوشهر

معماری بومی محصول تعامل ساکنان بومی با طبیعت در گستره ی جغرافیایی است که به دستاورهای منحصر به فردی در تامین نیازهای فیزیکی، روانی و ذهنی انسان ها منجرگردیده است. معماری بومی بندربوشهر نیز راهکارهای شایان توجهی در انطباق با ویژگی های خرداکوسیستم منطقه در پیوندهای فرهنگی چندلایه ی آن خطه ارائه نموده است که خوانش آن ها می تواند به ارائه ی ایده هایی جهت کاربست در معماری امروز بینجامد. یکی از این راهکارها چگونگی تامین محرمیت در اقلیم گرم و مرطوب این بندر بوده است که تامین آن در برخی فضاهای معماری امروز به ویژه مدارس دخترانه حائز اهمیت است. محرم سازی مدارس دخترانه به معنای ایجاد شرایطی است که دانش آموزان دختر بتوانند با آزادی بیشتری در مدرسه حضور داشته باشند. هدف مقاله ی حاضر زمینه سازی برای چگونگی محرم سازی مدارس در بندربوشهر با نظر به ضرورت های چهارگانه ی روانشناسانه، فرهنگی، مذهبی و آموزشی محرمیت مدارس می باشد. از این رو، این پرسش را طرح می سازد که محرمیت چگونه در معماری بومی بندربوشهر متجلی گردیده است؟ راهبرد اصلی برای پاسخگویی به این پرسش، راهبرد کیفی است و برای شکل دهی به چارچوب پژوهش رویکرد نظریه ی زمینه ای مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است؛ در جمع آوری اطلاعات از روش کتابخانه ای و مشاهده ی میدانی بهره برده شده و در تحلیل اطلاعات منتج از مطالعات از تحلیل کیفی بهره گرفته شده است. دستاوردهای این مقاله نشان می دهد که محرمیت در معماری بومی بندربوشهر در سه مقیاس خرد، میانی و کلان تامین گردیده است: ایجاد محرمیت در مقیاس خرد به مجموعه عناصر و ترکیبات حجمی برمی گردد که در بعد حجم داخلی وخارجی متجلی گردیده است؛ محرمیت در مقیاس میانی، در گونه شناسی چیدمان پلانی بر اساس درون گرایی و برون گرایی قابل واکاوی است؛ مکان یابی بنا در محدوده ی شهر تاریخی، محرمیت در مقیاس کلان را تامین می نموده است. دستاوردهای حاصل از این مقاله می تواند زمینه ای را برای ارائه راهکارها و کاربست آن در معماری مدارس دخترانه این شهر فراهم آورد.

Intimating Girls' schools With an emphasis on vernacular architecture Bushehr city

Vernacular architecture is the product of the interaction between local residents and the nature in geographical area which results in unique achievements in providing physical, mental and intellectual needs of human. Vernacular architecture of Bushehr has provided considerable strategies in accordance with the micro ecosystem in its multilayers cultural link. Understanding these strategies can provide ideas for applying in architectural design. One of the ideas was formed intimation  in the hot and humid climate of this city. This principle was very important in some architectural places like Girls› schools. Having contact to the outdoor area, especially for the girl students, who have a low contact because of living in apartment, is very effective in terms of physical, mental and intellectual growth. Therefore, intimation, through increasing the feeling of belonging to the environment, can improve the satisfaction level of girl students to the school which finally improve their creativity. Intimation of schools is considered as providing conditions through architecture and regulations, so that girl students can study in open, semiopen, semiclosed and closed areas of the school more freely and in accordance to the Islamic dress code. This has been considered in the document of fundamental transformation of education and here it has been emphasized on the observance of intimation sentences in the considered area. The purpose of this study is to show the manner of intimating in the schools of Bushehr regarding to the four psychological, cultural, religious, and educational needs. So this study, with emphasizing on intimation in vernacular architecture of Bushehr, and achieving cultural strategies of intimation in climatic architecture of Bushehr, proposes this question: How intimation is manifested in the vernacular architecture of the city of Bushehr? The main strategy for answering this question is a qualitative investigation which has been used for developing the framework of the research; for collecting data it has been used from literature studies, scientific databases and observation methods, and, qualitative analysis has been used for analyzing the data.Findings of this study shows that intimation in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr has been provided in three scales of micro, middle and macro scales. Intimation in microscale refers to the single elements of the building in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr which has been manifested either in the internal aspect (internal space) or in the external aspect (space); these elements in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr include Shanashir, Tarmeh, roof and preroof, sashes and openings, Parasol, shelter balcony and windows. Each of these elements, in addition to their main function, has been applied in design, components, and connections so that they help for making intimation of internal spaces. Intimation in the middle scale refers to the plan typology and combining of the mass and the space; this study shows that, based on the combination of mass and space (the building and the yard) in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr, and regarding to the position of the building to the historic walls of the city, and also regarding to the introvert and extrovert aspects, two main kinds of floor plan arrangements can be identified: the first kind is the buildings enclosing courtyard: introvertextrovert (within the historical walls of the city); the second one is building without courtyard including row building(s) inside the yard: extrovert (outside the historical walls of the city). In the macroscale, forming intimation in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr was affected by the location of the building which has considered the opportunities, threats, strength and weakness points of the building regarding creating intimation; this factor has been considered in terms of adjacency. In another words, based on the neighborhood, it has been determined that at the first stage which plan arrangements including extrovertintrovert and extrovert types, and also which plan types including courtyard, or row buildings, or combination of them, should be applied, and in the second stage, the manner of combining the mass and the space has been determined.Furthermore, the methods of applying the strategies of intimation in the vernacular architecture of Bushehr have been provided in three scales of micro, middle and macro. It seems that updating the historical patterns, which has been considered and proposed in text and image through this study, can be a proper and referable model for planners and architects of schools, especially of city of Bushehr. Therefore, it is suggested that planners of education spaces on the one hand, and architects on the other hand, through studying considered patterns in this study, to create multifunctions and flexible spaces in accordance with climate desirability to provide refreshing and productive spaces for the education of the next generation of the country in accordance with the IslamicIranian patterns, in addition to rehabilitate and to continue historical patterns. Achievements obtained through this study can be a good ground for the next researches with the purpose of extracting intimation patterns of schools in other areas, especially with similar climate to Bushehr. It is hoped that a comprehensive guide for creating intimate schools will be provided.