مضمون کتیبه‌های قرآنی در محراب‌های گچی عصر ایلخانیان

در معماری اسلامی و خصوصاً مساجد توجه اصلی به روح نمازگزار و عالم وحدانیت است؛ بدین سبب کتیبه‌های قرآنی بیشترین سطوح تزئینی را به خود اختصاص داده است. در این بین، محراب به لحاظ جایگاه آن در معماری مساجد همواره یکی از عناصر پرتزئین معماری بوده است که شامل کتیبه‌هایی از آیات و مضامین قرآنی است. کتیبه‌های تزئینی مساجد منبع مهمی برای بررسی دیدگاه‌ها و تفکرات مذهبی ملهم از آیات قرآنی هستند. این مقاله با هدف شناخت کتیبه‌های قرآنی اجراشده در محراب‌های گچی عصر ایلخانی و درک مضامین آنها نگاشته شده است، از این رو، در جهت دستیابی به چیستی مضامین آیات و ارتباط آنها با محل کاربردشان در ابنیه، تحقیقاتی با روش تفسیری تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. حاصل تحقیقات حاکی از آن است که آیاتی برگرفته از یک تا چهار سوره از قرآن در یک محراب بکار رفته است. کتیبه‌هایی با مضمون »آیات توحیدی «، »برپایی نماز «، »شرح خصوصیات مومنان «، »توصیف ویژگی بانیان مساجد « و »پیروزی مسلمانان بر دشمنان « بیشترین حجم از کتیبه‌نگاری در تزئینات گچی محراب‌های عصر ایلخانی را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. گاهی کتیبه‌ها با مضامین ذکرشده در کنار یکدیگر در یک محراب اجرا شده‌اند که اشاره به ذات پروردگار، پرستش او، برپایی نماز دارند. بطور کلی آیات مربوط به »خداشناسی «، »برپا داشتن نماز « و »بانیان مساجد « بیشترین کاربرد را داشته‌اند؛ بنابراین کتیبه‌های قرآنی محراب‌ها مرتبط با کاربرد و جایگاه آنها در مساجد در جهت هدایت افراد و غنا بخشیدن به روح نمازگزار بکار گرفته شده‌اند.

The Content of Quranic Inscriptions Used in Ilkhanid Altars

In Islamic architecture, especially in mosque, the main consideration is to the prayer spirit. For this reason, Quran inscriptions cover the most parts of the decorations of architecture. Altars are always one of the elements with full of motifs decoration because of dignity and its position. The decorations are including Quranic verses and themes. Mosque decorations inscriptions are a main source to investigation the views and religious thoughts. Identifying the Quranic Inscriptions of stucco Ilkhanid alters and understanding their contents are the aims of this paper. Totally, decorative inscriptions of Altars are divided to four groups date, signature (name of the architect and artist. Etc.), supplements and endowments, religious phrases (names of God, the Quran verses, Hadith, name of the prophet and Imams). The present study focuses on the themes of Quranic verses and the contents of them that used in Ilkhanid stucco altars. Altar Stucco decorations consist mainly of arabesque motifs, geometric and inscriptions. One of the visual characteristics of Ilkhanid stucco altars is ldquo;decorative inscriptions rdquo; that widely have been performed in different styles and forms at the altars, so far the inscriptions become the basic elements of altar decorations in the Ilkhanid Altars, the Oljayto altar and the Jamebastam altar are perfect examples that their design have been formed on inscription style. Perhaps the importance of calligraphy in the seventh and eighth centuries AH, or a plurality of skillful calligraphers such as Yaghout Mosta`sami caused further manifestation of calligraphy and extension of Quranic inscriptions in decoration of buildings. Earlier Kufic script has been used in decorating architecture at fourth century, Moreover Kufi script, other inscription styles such as ldquo;Sols rdquo;, ldquo;Reqa`e rdquo; and ldquo;Solsemos`als`al rdquo; as well as lsquo;B`anaiee rsquo; and lsquo;M`agheli rsquo; in content of religious phrases become popular in stucco decoration at Ilkhanid era. In this study, some investigations were done with using descriptiveanalytical method, to achieve content of Quranic verses and their relations to the place application. The results of twentyone altars indicate that one to four suras of Quran used in an altar, for example the JameSave mosque and the JameBastam Mosque contain four different suras, meanwhile, just the Oljayto altar have no ldquo;Quranic rdquo; inscriptions! Ilkhanid altars consist of twentyone different verse from suras that the first verses of ldquo;Mo`menoun rdquo;, 1 to 4 verses of ldquo;D`ahr rdquo;, 1 to 4 verses of ldquo;Fat`h rdquo;, 255 vers of ldquo;Baghare rdquo;, 18 to 19 verses of ldquo;Tobeh rdquo;, and sura ldquo;Fateha rdquo; completely, were the most used. Content of the altar inscriptions are grouped in few categories ldquo;Tohidi verses rdquo;, ldquo;prays rdquo;, ldquo;characteristic of the believers rdquo;, ldquo;describe the characteristics of mosque authors rdquo;, ldquo;Muslim victory over enemies rdquo;. Sometimes the inscriptions are used beside each other and referring to essence of Allah, worshiping, and Allah praying. The contents of some verses are the oneness of God and the worship of God, as well as the other verses reveal ldquo;characterization of believers rdquo; that specify the qualities of ways and the path of believers. Praying is also one of the first characteristics of the Muslims in Tohidi verses and also is specified rules of the pray conduct, in order to guide believers on a direction and builds up a unity of Muslims with the aim of achieving victory and pride.In addition to the above, some features are stated to those build the mosques because the mosque is the sacred in Islam and everyone does not deserve to enter in this way. Generally, verses of the ldquo;Tohidi rdquo;, ldquo;prays rdquo;, and ldquo;authors of mosques rdquo; had the most usage. Hence, the content of altar Quranic inscriptions is related to the application place and their dignity in the mosque, to lead up the prayer spirit and richness up the people.