انواع شهر اسلامی و اشاراتی به نحوه شاخص‌سازی در راستای شهری آرمانی- اسلامی

در دهه‌های اخیر متون متعددی در مورد شهر اسلامی منتشر شده است. در این پژوهش، نخست به تشریح آنچه بسیاری به عنوان شهر اسلامی تلقی کرده‌اند و سپس به شفاف‌سازی موضوع پرداخته می‌شود. بررسی ادبیات موجود موضوع نشان می‌دهد در بیشتر مطالبی که تاکنون ارائه گردیده، به صورت موردی به نکاتی در مورد شهرهای موجودی که مسلمانان در آن‌ها زندگی می‌کنند و یا به برخی از اصول کلی اسلام اشاره شده است. اندیشمندان مسلمان کمتر به مطالعاتی پیرامون تعریفی شفاف از شهر اسلامی، شاخص‌سازی، نحوه اسلامی کردن و تبلور فیزیکی آموزه‌های دینی (به خصوص آنچه در قرآن کریم، نهج‌البلاغه و دیگر احادیث معتبر آمده است) پرداخته‌اند.دین مبین اسلام که در بین ادیان الهی از کاملترین ادیان محسوب می‌شود؛ دارای آموزه‌های مفید و مثمر ثمری است که بلاشک می‌توان با مطالعه و تجزیه و تحلیل مطالب موجود، به معیارهای پسندیده‌ای در مورد برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری دست یافت. همچنین موارد و مصداق‌های بسیاری در شهرهای سنتی ایرانیاسلامی وجود دارد که می‌توان با مطالعه آنها به تبیین معیارهای برای برنامه ریزی و طراحی شهری ایرانی اسلامی پرداخت. در این پژوهش از طریق روش توصیفی تحلیلی نخست به مروری بر پیشینه مطالب ارائه ‌شده در مورد شهر اسلامی و سپس به بررسی مصداق‌هایی موجود پرداخته شده است.یافته‌های این پژوهش و اظهارات صاحبنظران در مورد تعابیر رایج در اسلام در مورد شهر همچون اوصاف شهر مناسب از نظر کالبدی و عملکردی در قرآن و احادیث نشان می‌دهد که مطالب موجود را می‌توان به دو دسته تقسیم نمود. نخست آن‌هایی که شهر اسلامی را بر اساس شهرهای سنتی و آنچه موجود است تعریف کرده‌اند. دوم آن‌هایی که شهر اسلامی را آن طور که باید باشد توصیف نموده‌اند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد شاخص‌هایی که توسط مسلمانان صاحب اندیشه در راستای دستیابی به شهری آرمانی اسلامی از آموزه‌های دینی استخراج می‌شود؛ در مجموع دو دسته‌اند. برخی به طور مستقیم در برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری قابل به‌کارگیری و برخی غیرمستقیم قابل بهره‌برداری است. در این مقاله ضمن اشاره به نحوه شاخص سازی، به یک الگوی پیشنهادی ممکن بر اساس احادیث برای محله‌های اسلامی، نیز اشاره شده است.

Various Types of Islamic City and Pointing Out to Defining the Major Aspects of Ideal Islamic City

In recent decade, various types of reports, articles, and books have been published in relation with Islamic city, but the terminology of ldquo;Islamic city rdquo; is not yet defined clearly in these publications. Explanation of the subject and its definition that called as Islamic city is the first step of this research. The descriptive and analytical method has been used as the research methodology in this paper, through which all the existing published literature were surveyed and analytically reviewed. Literature survey shows that most of the recent studies are about existing cities that Muslims settled over there. The recent publication about Islamic city can be classified into two groups. First, those who defined Islamic city based on dominating elements of existing traditional Islamic cities. The second group is those who define Islamic city based on significant Islamic advices. In the other word the first group tries to say what an Islamic city is, on the bases of existing city in Islamic era. The other group besides denying the first group definition tries to say what an Islamic city shall be on the bases of religious valid documents. In addition, addressing to some of Islamic general principals mentioned in the major Islamic documents such as holy book of Quran is another side of nowadays published studies. Unfortunately, Muslim thinkers and theorists in the field of urban design and planning have little activities for presenting clear definition of Islamic city, pointing out its major criteria, and the approaches that one can physically crystallize various religious thoughts with emphasis on Quran, ldquo;Nahj alBalaghe rdquo;, and Hadiths (Important statement of Islamic religious leaders). Furthermore, the text context that was published by eastern experts has been studied and analyzed. In this regard, results of the studies were presented by focusing on the main key words in relation to urban areas and urbanism, in valid description of various specific Quran verses, and ldquo;Hadiths rdquo;. Discussion of this article also deals with a brief history of Islamic cities. In this regard a few towns related to Muslims, and their relation with Islam was studied as case studies. Then, application of Islamic thoughts, for an urban society is followed. In continuation, it has been tried to define and developed a process to determine the main principles for creating Islamic conditions on the bases of the significant aim and objectives of Islam religion. In this paper, views of various western and eastern scholars about: How one can define an Islamic city is reviewed. Result of the study indicates that western theorists have defined an Islamic city on the bases of the dominating physical features and elements of existing cities of Muslim inhabitance during various Islamic eras. The result of this section of the study shows that these elements are such as ldquo;Jame rdquo; mosque, bazaar, governor fort, and city enclosure walls. But, the eastern theorists who are familiar with Islamic religious verses and the advices of great But the result of the other section of the research indicate that: Islamic leaders show that: Islam is a perfect religion among other religions. It has useful fruitful teachings that many of them can be quiet responsive in achieving good criteria for planning and design of an Islamic city. Some of the eastern theorists who are familiar with Islamic religious verses and the advices of great Islamic leaders like prophet and Imams show that: the main concept and spiritual aspect behind each and every element in an Islamic cities and the various factors to call a city Islamic, is much more important than those physical one. They also believe that an Islamic city should be planned and designed on the bases of major Islamic principle concepts such as justice, unity security, privacy, etc.In the end, to show the process that how one can reflect the Islamic advices in a physical situation, a conceptual presentation which is already written by M. R. A. Pourjafar (2013) about an Islamic Iranian mohalla is described and displayed in brief below. The design principles of »Mohallahs « (Traditional PersianIslamic Neighborhood) in the Islamic cities since the beginning of Islam are examined in that research. Then the role of mosque as one of the important elements that defines the physical dimensions and also meets the needs of the social, political, cultural and residential sectors of the city was determined. The superiority of design principles of »Mohallahs « in PersianIslamic cities with having Mosque, »Hoseiniah «, »Tekyeh « and other religious buildings as their centers and hub of their socio/cultural activities in comparison with planning and design of present situation in Muslim residential areas, is shown clearly. Studying of »Mohallahs « in the old PersianIslamic cities of Iran proves the sustainability, durability and significant role of mosque for quality dimensions of city designing and social issues in compare with neighborhood unit in the west. The study of PersianIslamic advices also indicates Islam as a religion has many advices as far as neighborhood design is concerned. This can happen, on the bases of Quranic verses and »Hadiths «, and conclusion derived from study of existing traditional PersianIslamic »Mohallahs «, through which a new modal has been proposed for PersianIslamic »Mohallah «. A central car free square with respect to social dimensions with all required, land uses and activities all around it was also proposed. The mosque and other religious and socio/cultural buildings are the focal points of this »Mohallah «. The central urban space of the »Mohallah « has walkable accessibility from farther points all around it. The functional radius of the purposed »Mohallah « on the bases of the mentioned »Hadiths « by Imam Ali (Forty houses from the mosque, are neighbors) is about four to five hundred meters. This model may be used for designing of contemporary residential »Mohallah « in new towns and extension areas of existing cities in future. A purposed Islamic city may have number of such residential units called ldquo;Mohalla rdquo; around a bazaar complex (similarly designed on the bases of above process). In this way and the bases of above process, one can achieve various kind of Islamic city.Finally, it is concluded that: The great religion of Islam has wise and rational advises and teachings. These can be converted into practical criteria through a proper process and programming. In this way, one can create responsive Islamic environment that may not be as utopian as heaven but, obviously they can be more responsive than what we are facing in our contemporary situation nowadays. No doubt, there are also many examples of IslamicPersian cities with high quality of urban design. By analyzing their design one can derive various criteria and get many lessons for contemporary planning and design of the Iranian Islamic city. Therefore, hopefully, in this way we can create a better kind of environment for Muslims inhabitants that can answer most of their behavior and activities with creation of various convivial urban spaces.