Ali Shariati: Re-Imagining the Critique in Critical Theory

In this article, the author is trying to problematize the concept of critique in critical theory by arguing that we need to go beyond the traditional parameters of the critical theory canon as defined by euro-atlantic historiographers and critical social theorists. but in order to achieve this goal the author has attempted to demonstrate alternative approaches in conceptualizing complexities of social reality by employing the concept of istehmar as defined by ali shariati. what does istehmar mean? how does shariati articulate this concept in sociological fashion? how is this concept different than classical concepts such as anomie, alienation and disenchantment?