Sewage Systems at Urartian Settlements

Emerging with the transition of settled life and showing development with urbanization and civilization, sewage systems also manifested in a lot of citadel settlements that pertained to urartian which had established a state by achieving first political unity in east anatolia. four canal types have been identified according to their material; masonrying canals, the main rock-cut canals, carved in monolithic stone blocks, and terra cotta canals. the most widely used type of these was masonrying canals. canals that we had classified according to their materials were also possible to be distinguished two types according to intended use; religious purpose canals, canals for waste water. canals for waste water encountered in almost all settlements go beneath all of the structures in the citadel. it was seen in some fortress that waste watercoming from flumes extending towards edifices had been accumulated in a main sewage, and then had been thrown out. however, a sewage pit which this main sawage pour down, hasn’t been revealed in any urartian fortress yet. it has been suggested that these systems probably had ended with a sewage pit, or such as in assur, had ended with a river. sewage systems appears as one of the most concrete proofs that fortress during urartian period were constructed according to a specific plan.