genetic contributions to bone health and disease: a mini-review

Bone health is a complex process governed by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. this mini-review explores the contribution of genetic factors to bone health, with particular focus on their role in bone mineral density (bmd), osteoporosis, and metabolic bone diseases. bmd and fracture risk, which are influenced by genetics, exhibit high heritability, with estimates ranging from 50% to 85%. significant genetic effects have been observed, particularly in the axial skeleton. furthermore, genetic factors impact metabolic bone diseases, which can be monogenic or polygenic. monogenic disorders, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, are linked to mutations in specific genes, while polygenic disorders involve multiple genetic variations that interact with environmental factors. the identification of genetic loci responsible for these conditions has provided insight into their molecular pathogenesis, offering potential therapeutic targets. understanding genetic contributions to bone health is crucial for developing personalized treatment strategies for metabolic bone diseases.