sleep and bone health: insights from a mini-review

Sleep disturbances, including irregular sleep duration, obstructive sleep apnea (osa), and circadian misalignment in night-shift workers, have been linked to metabolic diseases and bone health issues. these disruptions affect bone metabolism, leading to reduced bone mineral density (bmd) and increased fracture risk. bone turnover markers (btms) reveal the impact of circadian rhythms on bone resorption and formation, which sleep disturbances can alter. abnormal sleep duration and circadian disruption increase fall risk by impairing balance and alertness. additionally, caffeine’s effect on calcium metabolism may be influenced by melatonin, a sleep regulator, which may have protective effects on bone health. this mini-review highlights the complex relationship between sleep, circadian rhythms, and bone health, suggesting the need for further research to explore potential interventions.