a mini-review on aging and its impact on bone health

Aging significantly impacts bone health, resulting in changes to bone composition, structure, and function. bone remodeling, a dynamic process involving osteoclast-mediated resorption and osteoblast-mediated formation, is crucial for maintaining skeletal integrity and adapting to physiological demands. in youth, bone turnover is balanced, but with aging, this equilibrium is disrupted, leading to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. the process is further exacerbated by hormonal changes, including elevated parathyroid hormone (pth) levels, a decline in estrogen, and shifts in bone marrow fat. these factors contribute to developing osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. moreover, age-related changes in bone cells, bone proteins, and mineral composition influence bone mechanical behavior and morphology. this review examines the molecular pathways involved in bone cell aging and the roles of factors such as exercise, gonadal hormones, and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the aging process. understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat age-related bone disorders.