topical remedies for the treatment of men’s sexual dysfunction from the perspective of traditional persian medicine: a review article

Background: sexual dysfunction is one of the most prevalent complaints in men over 50 years old, which can negatively affect marital life and self-esteem. consumption of oral drugs has various limitations, and they have serious interactions with other oral agents.methods: in this review article, the main traditional persian medicine (tpm) sources were reviewed for topical suggestions for the treatment of men with sexual dysfunction. in addition, the herbal medicines and their constituents were reviewed in electronic databases including pubmed, scopus, and web of sciences.results: in tpm sources, various agents in oil, decoction, dry powder, suppository, and enema preparations are suggested to treat decreased libido, premature ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction. these preparations often include volatile agents that enhance percutaneous absorption. accordingly, the literature review suggested that the mechanisms of these remedies could be related to enhancing the regional blood flow to the genitalia, inducing venous smooth muscle relaxation and increasing the tonicity of pelvic floor muscles.conclusion: tpm suggestions in treating sexual dysfunction in men can ignite new ideas for further research based on the proposed mechanisms of action.