Challenges and Perspectives towards the Development of more Effective Influenza Vaccine

Influenza viruses continue to be a major health threat in human and bird populations. the improvements in formulation and production level of the current influenza vaccines are not sufficient to afford complete protection. the continuous antigenic drifts and emergence of endemic and zoonotic strains make influenza vaccine planning difficult. concern about the emergence of new influenza pandemic provides subject for developing a universal influenza vaccine to be most effective in preventing influenza a either by targeting the ha or other viral proteins. the recombinant and synthetic antigens used in influenza vaccine research and development are generally less immunogenic and need to incorporate novel adjuvants with modified delivery carriers to develop broad-protective vaccines.