رویکرد سیاست کیفری ایران در مواجهه با اعتراضات اجتماعی ایران

اعتراضات اجتماعی که بیانگر انتقاد مردم از حاکمیت یا عملکرد تمام یا بخشی از آن است می‌تواند مسالمت‌‌جویانه یا خشونت‌آمیز باشد. ارائه‌‌ی معیاری دقیق برای شناخت  اعتراضات مسالمت‌آمیز از خشونت‌آمیز بسیار حائز اهمیت است، اعتراضات مسالمت‌آمیز باید به موجب قوانین به رسمیت شناخته شوند و اعتراضات خشونت‌آمیز مورد ممنوعیت قرار گیرند. مقاله‌‌ی حاضر درصدد تحلیل و نقد رویکرد سیاست کیفری تقنینی ایران در این موضوع است. در این نوشتار با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و تدقیق در منابع این نتیجه حاصل گردید که قانونگذار ایران رویکرد و مقرره‌‌ی مشخصی در این خصوص ندارد و در عمل قضات می‌توانند با تکیه بر تفاسیری خاص از قوانینی نظیر اصل بیست و هفتم قانون اساسی، اصل هشتم قانون اساسی و قانون جرم سیاسی با نافرمانان مدنی برخورد نمایند. همچنین در خصوص مرتکبین اعتراضات خشونت‌بار قاضی می‌تواند بر اساس توصیف رفتار ارتکابی با امعان نظر به موادی چون: 618 ،675 و 683 از قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1375 و، یا حسب شخصیت مرتکب، ماده‌‌ی 17 قانون مجازات جرایم نیروهای مسلح اقدام نمایند. در این خصوص با توجه به وضعیت روانی مرتکبین اعتراضات مسالمت‌آمیز، تدارک تاسیسات ارفاقی و تخفیف و حتی عذرهای معاف‌‌کننده در این راستا مطلوب و کارآمد است. به نظر می‌رسد که ضروری است مقنن با تقنین مقرراتی خاص و حتی الگوبرداری از قواعد سایر کشورها در این خصوص گام بردارد.

iran’s criminal policy approach facing with social protests

today, social protests are as an expected social phenomenon in human societies, even in societies based on democracy, there are social protests because the impact of the decisions of the state and political authorities on the lives of the people of a society is undeniable.the way that the different societies deal with this social phenomenon is subject to the rights and freedoms recognized by the states for the general public. on the other hand, people’s actions also determine how the state deals with this phenomenon, so it is not unreasonable to say that the state’s reaction  on the one hand, and the people’s reaction on the other hand, seriously can change the type and quality of protests.if a macro-level decision is taken by the state, and if this decision affects the lives of most people in a quantitative way, the  protests can be expected in all parts of a country. now, this protest, which is a sign of the state’s decision and not accepted by the people, if it is responded too violently by the state, it can change the nature of a peaceful protesting population and turn it into a violent population, and if the protest is also violent from the beginning, there will be no doubt that no state will leave such actions unanswered with the tools at its disposal.nevertheless, to a great extent, the type, quality and quantity of tools to deal with social protests are subject to the principles that have been accepted in the field of criminal policymaking. it goes without saying that this criminal policy significantly defines the limits and restrictions of citizens’ freedom  and also shows the level of accepted values ​​of the state and the adherence to the principles contained in the  documents beyond laws and regulations. it is clear that the states choose the most severe and harsh reactions when they feel a threat to their integrity, so it is important to identify such behaviors from the punishment perspective. the purpose of this research is to clarify the position of iranian criminal policy confronting the social protests and the distinction between two types of behavior, i.e. violent protests and the need to punish these behaviors and peaceful protests and the need to recognize these types of protests.this research has been done with analytical-descriptive method through   using numerous library sources. the necessity of the current research, in addition to its impact on the country’s legal literature, can also be considered in the legislative and even judicial field because the criminal reaction to peaceful protests is actually a violation of fundamental rights recognized in constitutional   documents and even human values ​​of the society.the findings of this research show  that, where the protesters only want their lost rights and do not accept the new policy of the state which  has affected  their lives, and considering that these protesters do not have evil or criminal intentions and if these peaceful protests do not lead to the violation of the  rules  of criminal law, the state  should not practice even  the slightest aggression against this group of protesters, and only if the protesters  violate  one of the rules of criminal law, their behavior should be judged with mitigation in punishment.social protests whether violent or peaceful have common features, such as:relative continuitypurposefulness and agreement between protestersapplicability of the title of protester to specific people opposition to all parts or some part of the prevailing social conditionswith precision in the words of researchers and experts  in the field of social protests, the topics such as civil disobedience and civil resistance can be considered as examples of peaceful social protests, and the cases such as:  riots, revolutions and coups(military coup) can be included under the title of violent protests.