رویکرد اقتصادی به جرم‌‌ انگاری رانت‌‌ خواری؛ چالش ‌‌ها و بایسته‌‌ ها‌

جرم‌‌ انگاری رانت‌‌ خواری از منظر بایسته‌‌های اقتصادی با دو چالش اصلی و یک چالش فرعی روبرو است. در چالش اصلی نخست این موضوع مطرح است که جرم‌‌انگاری رانت‌‌خواری از بعد گستره و معیار اعمال ممنوعه تا چه اندازه‌‌ای می‌‌تواند فعالیت‌‌های اقتصاد و چرخه‌‌ی پویای اقتصادی را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد و بعنوان عامل بازدارنده‌‌ای برای آن مطرح شود. چالش اصلی دوم، جرم‌‌انگاری رانت‌‌خواری را از منظر یک پدیده‌‌ی نسبی می‌‌نگرد که مفهوم مثبت و منفی آن در اقتصاد در هم تنیده و غیرقابل مرزبندی است. چالش فرعی، جرم‌‌انگاری رانت را از دید اقتصاد هنجاری می‌‌نگرد که بر پایه‌‌ی آن، مرزش با فساد اقتصادی و مالی روشن نیست و ویژگی‌‌های یک پدیده‌‌ی مجرمانه مستقل را ندارد. در نتیجه از بعد جرم‌‌شناختی و شناخت دقیق علل بزهکاری نیز می‌‌تواند با چالش‌‌هایی همراه باشد. مقاله‌‌ی حاضر با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌‌ای و روش توصیف و تحلیل به این نتیجه رسیده است که رویکرد اقتصادی به جرم‌‌انگاری رانت‌‌خواری در نهایت مثبت است و با توجه به عامل متصدی اقتصاد که منشا اصلی رانت‌‌جویی است و نیز پیامدهای اقتصادی رانت‌‌خواری، باید به جرم‌‌انگاری این پدیده اقدام کرد. با این حال اقتضای آزادی و رقابت‌‌پذیری فعالیت‌‌های اقتصادی، باید بعنوان یک ملاک منفی در جرم‌‌انگاری مدنظر قرار گیرد. از این رو پیشنهاد می‌‌شود که در جرم‌‌انگاری رانت‌‌خواری، به جای تمرکز بر روی فعالیت‌‌های اقتصادی، عمدتاً جایگاه، انگیزه و فعالیت‌‌های متصدی اقتصاد محور جرم‌‌انگاری باشد.

economic approach to the criminalization of rent-seeking; challenges and requirements

rent seeking is a widely used word in our society that the frequency of its use indicates the prevalence of a type of behavior based on receiving illegitimate financial and non-financial benefits by exploiting the fields and factors of rent, such as passing laws, granting licenses, creating monopolies and access to information. whenever there is a restriction on competition, whether it is of a natural type, such as a limitation caused by natural resources, or an artificial type, such as monopolies caused by innovation or entry ban, it creates a kind of surplus income for the beneficiaries, which is called rent in the economic literature. in other words, rent is the additional income paid to the owner of resources or the owner of expertise, which is not the result of operating in a competitive market and is not entirely the result of an individual’s effort or expertise. therefore, it can be said that rent is a kind of &privilege& resulting from non-competitive conditions, and rent-seeking is also called the process of acquiring this privilege.this phenomenon has left many negative consequences at different levels of the social system and from a criminological point of view, while weakening public morals and increasing corruption, it plays a significant role in the production and proliferation of economic and non-economic crimes, so it is considered a widespread pest and a serious warning for order and public security.the current approach of iran’s legal system towards rent seeking is based on situational prevention through methods such as dealing with the property of officials, creating job bans and restrictions on participation in government transactions, and also prevention and criminal confrontation through criminalization and punishment crimes related to rent-seeking (such as bribery, money laundering and embezzlement); but the criminalization of rent-seeking is a place of challenge and doubt. the justification or non-justification of the criminalization of rent seeking depends on the evaluation of various factors to assessment the reprehensibility or harmfulness of this phenomenon, which is above all these factors, economic needs. the supremacy of economic principles in  assessment of criminalization of rent seeking arose from the connection of rent with the economic system. rent, which is sometimes referred to as economic rent, is defined by several definitions such as payment and exclusive privilege, and as in classical economics, it is a normal concept; in moral economy, it is considered an unpleasant concept. therefore, in the way of criminalizing rent seeking, it should be seen how much the phenomenon of rent seeking is affected by its main platform, which is the economy, and in the meantime, the legal system as the guardian of the criminalization of reprehensible behaviors or harmful, what ratio does it establish between the economic factor and other factors.starting to investigate the feasibility of criminalizing rent seeking from an economic point of view is not only for the purpose of connecting the origin of rent with the economy; rather, the economic approach to criminalization and calculating the cost-benefits of determining the punishment for rent seeking can distance the politician from emotional and rhetorical policies.