جرم‌‌شناسی منطقه‌‌ای: تحلیل منطقه‌‌ای بزهکاری

جرم تحت تاثیر مجموعه‌‌ای از متغیرها متحول گردیده و همواره مصادیق و کمیت و کیفیت ارتکابش تغییر می‌‌کند. جرم‌‌شناسی بطور اصولی معطوف به مطالعه‌‌ی سبب‌‌شناختی جرم و انحراف در جوامع انسانی بعنوان واحدهای مجزا از هم بوده و به احتمال سرایت جرم و چگونگی و چرایی‌‌اش از یک واحد اجتماعی به واحد اجتماعی دیگر در سطح فراملی نپرداخته است. جرم‌‌شناسی منطقه‌‌ای یا فراملی در پی تحلیل جرم‌‌شناختی پدیده‌‌ی مجرمانه در سطح منطقه‌‌ای/ فراملی بوده و با ارائه‌‌ی طرحی نظریه‌‌مند امکان تبیین عوامل موثر بر ارتکاب و گسترش این پدیده را فراهم می‌‌آورد. با اتکا بر مفاهیمی نظیر «مزیت نسبی جرم»، عواملی مانند فساد سیاسی، ضعف اقتصادی، اضمحلال اجتماعی، و مبادلات اجتماعی در میان هر یک از کشورها، می‌‌توانند زمینه‌‌ی جرم‌‌زایی باشند که باعث پدیداری و سرایت فعالیت‌‌های مجرمانه در گستره‌‌ی کشورهای همجوار در یک منطقه‌‌ی جغرافیایی گردند. این مقاله با ابتنا بر چارچوب نظری پیشنهادی پیش‌‌گفته به تحلیل منطقه‌‌ای بزهکاری در آسیا، اروپا، آفریقا، آمریکا و اقیانوسیه به روش استقرایی و تحلیل دومین پرداخته و به استنتاجی رسیده که چارچوب نظری مورد نظر خود را تصدیق می‌‌کند.

regional criminology: regional analysis of criminality

criminality is a complex phenomenon that has been analyzed from various perspectives by criminologists. traditionally, criminality was perceived as an internal issue, with studies focusing primarily on the factors within a given society that contribute to different types of crime. this approach, while natural at the time, was limited by its exclusion of external factors that influence crime. historically, criminality was understood as a phenomenon occurring within the boundaries of a society, without any significant connection to factors outside of that society. however, this view is no longer acceptable in contemporary criminology. today, it is widely acknowledged that crime is influenced by both internal and external criminogenic factors. as such, it is essential to distinguish between different criminogenic levels: national, transnational or regional, and international or global.the first level—national criminology—focuses on the relationship between specific criminogenic factors and the occurrence of crimes within a national society. the second and third levels, transnational/regional criminology and international criminology, analyze the factors that explain why certain crimes occur across borders, affecting multiple countries. based on this understanding, i conceptualize three levels of criminological analysis: national criminology, transnational/regional criminology, and international criminology. this framework is an expansion of the traditional criminological approach, which typically explains the causes of crime within a national context. the three levels of analysis provide a more comprehensive understanding of criminology and open new avenues for research that take into account the interconnected nature of crime in a globalized world.in my previous article, “regional crime: from etiology to solution-finding,” i conceptualized regional crime and its characteristics. i theorized a structure of opportunity and constraint, primarily based on charles tittle’s control balance theory, to explain the dynamics of transnational and regional crimes. methodologically, i defined regional crimes and analyzed them from a criminological perspective, aiming to create a criminological theory of regional crime. this framework would enable a deeper understanding of crime in specific regions, allowing for the application of criminological analysis to any given area. in doing so, i made a deduction based on several key factors, including opportunity, constraints, unbalanced control, criminal fluidity, forum shopping, criminogenic asymmetries, climate or environment of impunity, and the comparative advantage in illegality.by using these factors in an inductive manner, i was able to theorize the dynamics of regional crime and criminality based on general scientific principles. from there, i applied this theory to different regions around the world to test its applicability.