پرخاشگری لفظی در نظام کیفری ایران: علت‌شناسی روانشناختی، چالش‌ها و راهکارها

پرخاشگری، ازمنظر حقوق کیفری رفتاری عمدی و ازمنظر روانشناسی پدیده‌‌ای چندعلتی است که در هر یک از این دو علم برخورد متفاوتی با آن می‌‌شود. این امر موجب پیوند دو علم حقوق کیفری و روانشناسیِ اجتماعی شده است. به این معنا که مقوله‌ای روانشناختی، با پاسخ‌های کیفری مواجه شده است. در قوانین کیفری ایران، برخی از اقسام پرخاشگری لفظی، مانند توهین و تهدید جرم‌انگاری شده ‌اند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، پس از بررسی مفهوم پرخاشگری، پرخاشگری لفظی، پرخاشگریِ لفظیِ کیفری، و همچنین عوامل روانشناختی آن، به بررسی کارآمدی و اثربخشی سیاست کیفری ایران در قبال این جرایم می‌پردازد. به موجب یافته‌های این تحقیق، پاسخ‌ها و راهبرد‌های سیاست کیفری ایران در قبال پرخاشگری لفظی، نه تنها موجب کنترل این جرم نشده است، چه بسا موجب افزایش نرخ ارتکاب آن نیز گردیده است. به نظر می‌رسد پیش‌بینی مجازات‌های سازگار با یافته‌های علم روانشناسی، استفاده از روش‌های پیشگیری وضعی، اجتماعی و رشدمدارِ اولیه و یا ثانویه از جرم و تشکیل پرونده‌‌ی شخصیت برای مرتکبان این دسته از جرایم و در نهایت به‌کارگیری آموزه‌های عدالت ترمیمی از طریق مشارکت بزهدیده، بزهکار و کسانی که به نحوی تحت تاثیر جرم واقع شده‌ اند، برای بازسازی آسیب‌های وارده به بزهدیده می‌تواند راه برون‌رفت از این مشکل باشد.

verbal aggression in the iran`s criminal justice system: psychological causes, challenges, and solutions

psychology, in the context of both crime commission and issues related to punishment, criminal responsibility, and criminal capacity, is deeply connected to criminal law. criminal law and criminology intersect with psychological studies at various stages of the criminal process—ranging from legislation to the enforcement of punishment and beyond. in the legislative stage, certain psychological concepts and values have received criminal protection. during adjudication, issues related to proving mens rea (the mental state) arise, while at the enforcement stage, topics such as criminal responsibility, criminal capacity, rehabilitation, and treatment processes come into play. even after the execution of punishment, discussions on recidivism remain linked to psychological matters. one of the psychological concepts protected under criminal law is aggression. this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of iran’s penal policy in addressing verbal aggression and to analyze the psychological, social, and cultural causes influencing it. the primary objective is to identify the challenges of the current penal policy in controlling this crime and to propose solutions based on social psychology and restorative justice. this article seeks to answer why traditional responses, such as imprisonment and flogging, have not only failed to reduce verbal aggression but, in some cases, have even contributed to its increase. additionally, the study aims to integrate criminal law and psychology to design an effective model for repairing damaged relationships and preventing reoffending. methodologythis research employs a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library sources, iranian legal documents, and interdisciplinary studies. data collection is conducted through content analysis of criminal laws related to verbal aggression (such as insult, threats, and defamation) and a systematic review of psychological theories on aggression. a comparative analysis of restorative justice approaches and modern criminal policies is also performed to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current system. the research methodology is based on a qualitative analysis of psychological and social factors influencing crime commission, alongside a critique of the current punitive policies. after examining the concepts of aggression, verbal aggression, and criminal verbal aggression and their psychological causes, the study evaluates the effectiveness of iran’s penal policy in responding to these crimes. the article addresses the following key questions: is the existing penal policy effective? what measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of iran’s criminal justice system in addressing these offenses? findingsaggression, in behavioral psychology, is an intentional act (physical or verbal) aimed at harming another person and causing distress. some forms of verbal aggression, including insults, threats, and satire, have been criminalized under iranian law, establishing a direct connection between criminal law and social psychology. this research introduces the concept of &criminal verbal aggression& for these offenses. the findings indicate that iran’s criminal policy toward verbal aggression primarily relies on traditional punishments such as imprisonment, flogging, and fines. however, these measures lack the necessary effectiveness in reducing crime rates. iran’s criminal justice responses not only fail to control this crime but may also, in some cases, contribute to its escalation. among the reasons for this inefficiency are the neglect of the psychological roots of aggression (such as personality, situational, and cultural factors), the disregard for victims’ needs, and the failure to implement preventive strategies. studies show that punitive sanctions neither rehabilitate offenders nor deter crime; instead, they fuel cycles of anger and vengeance, increasing the likelihood of recidivism.