تحولات حقابه رودخانه مرزی هیرمند بین ایران و افغانستان از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل با توجه به پدیده تغییرات اقلیمی

زمینه و هدف: هدف این مقاله بررسی تحولات حقابه رودخانه مرزی هیرمند بین ایران و افغانستان از منظر حقوق بین‌المللی با توجه به پدیده تغییرات اقلیمی است.روش: روش تحقیق توصیفی – تحلیلی و برگرفته از منابع کتابخانه‌ای است.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اختلافات در حوزه پرداخته حقابه رودخانه هیرمند، اختلافات ناشی از ناپایداری الگوی توزیع حقابه میان دو کشور منجر به اختلافاتی در حوزه تعیین وسعت و قلمرو محدوده مرزی است. افغانستان برای خود مسئولیتی در خصوص اجرا معاهده پرداخت حقابه ایران متصور نیست و شرایط فعلی و عدم وجود دولت مرکزی و ثبات در همسایه شرقی، همچنین وضعیت نامناسب معیشت مردم افغانستان، استفاده از اهرم اقتصادی و گسترش حوزه نفوذ از طریق سرمایه‌گذاری اقتصادی باعث عدم پیگیری وضعیت پرداخت حقابه شده است این در حالی است که تاسیس سازمان منطقه‌ای آب‌پایه با حضور کشورهای ایران و افغانستان و نظارت بر انجام مقررات و تعهدات فی‌مابین به‌عنوان یک عامل همگرا و اتحاد منطقه‌ای می‌تواند در کسب و حفاظت از منافع ملی موثر واقع شود.نتایج: در هر مقطعی از تاریخ که مسئله هیرمند وارد فاز سیاسی شده، حل مسئله پیچیده‌تر شده است. دولت ایران و طالبان عملاً همکاری و تعامل مشترک خود را بر اساس حسن هم‌جواری در تطبیق کامل معاهده 1351 هیرمند، نشان دهند تا مسئله آب هیرمند بدون موجب و ضرورت، تبدیل به یک مسئله سیاسی و یا منازعه میان دو کشور همسایه نشود

changes in the right to the water of the hirmand border river between iran and afghanistan from the perspective of international law due to the phenomenon of climate change

a b s t r a c tbackground and aim: the purpose of this article is to investigate the developments along the hirmand border river between iran and afghanistan from the perspective of international law with regard to the phenomenon of climate change.methodology: the research method is descriptive-analytical and taken from library sources.results: the results showed that the differences in the field of settlement of the hirmand river, the differences caused by the instability of the pattern of distribution of the land between the two countries lead to differences in the area of determining the extent and territory of the border area. afghanistan does not consider itself to be responsible for the implementation of the iran retribution agreement and the current conditions and the absence of a central government and stability in the eastern neighbor, as well as the poor living conditions of the afghan people, the use of economic leverage and the expansion of the sphere of influence through economic investment, cause the lack of the follow-up of the payment status has been made, while the establishment of the regional water base organization with the presence of iran and afghanistan and monitoring the implementation of the regulations and commitments between them as a converging factor and regional unity can be effective in obtaining and protecting national interests.conclusion: at any point in history when the hirmand problem entered the political phase, solving the problem has become more complicated. the government of iran and the taliban should practically show their joint cooperation and interaction based on good neighborliness in the full implementation of the hirmand treaty of 1351, so that the hirmand water issue does not become a political issue or a conflict between two neighboring countries without cause and necessity.extended abstractintroductionborders are phenomena that are basically of a human nature that humans draw by understanding the differences between themselves and are considered as one of the central issues in the field of political geography studies. in the meantime, rivers as the natural borders of two political units, due to their changeable nature and morphological diversity, have significant effects on the political relations of the two countries, especially on border issues. the hirmand river, located on the border of iran and afghanistan - for various natural and human reasons - has always affected the relations between the two countries since the formation of the border. with their activities such as the paris agreement in the field of environment and air pollution, international organizations have been able to remove the gaps in international environmental laws to a significant extent. the level of attention to the established rules and regulations and the requirements and obligations set for the governments is felt more and more, because the environmental issues and problems caused by climate changes and the environmental problem these days have plagued all governments and there is a need in this field in order to present operational solutions for basic studies such as the present study should be carried out. methodologyour method and method in writing and compiling this research is mainly analytical and descriptive with the approach of studying international relations and examining national and international documents, which will be done through scanning books, documents, articles and judicial opinions. then it is analyzed. the main method in compiling and compiling this article is the library method, which examines and studies the existing books and articles in the field of research. the processing of collected information with optimal use, argumentative and rational to present the contents and results of related research has been taken into consideration. also, the collected information will be analyzed using books, documents, articles and valid judicial opinions. the comprehensive list of mentioned sources is given in the list of sources at the end of the research. results and discussionthe fair and reasonable use of common water flows, the concept of equity rights, plays an important and central role in the use, management and protection of common waterways between coastal countries. while the principle of equitable and reasonable use of water resources is now universally understood, the concept of equity as a normative value gives every riparian country the right to use and benefit from a shared waterway. while the goal of equitable and reasonable use of a shared watercourse is to allow upstream and downstream users to use the shared watershed in an equal manner, mcintyre states, equality is the right of each state to an equal share. it does not share the waters of the river. some scholars argue that due to the lack of an enforcement mechanism, international water laws cannot resolve water tensions between upstream and downstream riparian countries. in fact, each state defines equity based on its socio-economic, meteorological, climatic, legal and institutional needs. however, from the perspective of water management, if an agreement is signed between two communities, for example, the hirmand border river basin, then the two communities must be fully committed to the implementation of the agreement. islam emphasizes justice and fairness. this fairness and justice can also be interpreted in terms of environmental flow and equal use of a common river basin.