standardizing cell culture methods is critical for reliable and reproducible exosome isolation

Increasing evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (evs), such as exosomes (exos), have attracted considerable interest due to their unique biological functions as drug delivery vehicles, non-invasive tools for disease diagnosis, and their clinical potential, most prominently in the fields of oncology and cell-based therapy. although significant advancements have been made in exo isolation techniques, standardizing cell culture methods remains an important challenge that must be overcome to ensure specific, pure, and effective exos for diverse life science and clinical applications.