modelling and simulation of electric trains in the presence of ultra-capacitor as energy storage

When a vehicle brakes, energy is released. to date, considerable amount of the braking energy is lost in hot air. the challenging alternative is to store the braking energy and use it during acceleration or autonomous operation of the vehicle. as a consideration of progress in hybrid and energy storage technology in heavy transportation a simple and precise model of train equipped with ultra-capacitor modules as energy storage system is modeled and simulated in matlab/simulink environment. the simulation results show that its technology is mature enough to be used in railway transportation and it has many advantages over the customary batteries.