طراحی و اعتبارسنجی بستهٔ آموزشی توانمندسازی شناختی-‌اجتماعی و تعیین اثربخشی آن بر کارکردهای شناختی‌-اجرایی و مهارت‌های زبانی کودکان پیش‌دبستانی مبتلا به اختلال کم‌توجهی‌-بیش‌فعالی

زمینه و هدف: دوران کودکی از مراحل بسیار مهم زندگی است که در آن شخصیت فرد پایه‌ریزی شده و شکل می‌گیرد. هدف این پژوهش، تدوین و اثربخشی آموزش توانمندسازی شناختی-اجتماعی بر کارکردهای شناختی-اجرایی، مهارت‌های اجتماعی و مهارت‌های زبانی کودکان پیش‌دبستانی مبتلا به اختلال کم‌توجهی-بیش‌فعالی بود. روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهش‌های کمّی و کیفی (آمیخته) بود. بدین‌منظور، نمونه‌ای متشکل از 60 نفر از کودکان پیش‌دبستانی مبتلا به اختلال کم‌توجهی-بیش‌فعالی منطقه 14 شهر تهران به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری تصادفی از نوع خوشه‌ای، انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل پرسشنامهٔ کانرز (1998)، پرسشنامهٔ رتبه‌بندی کارکردهای اجرایی- شناختی جیویا و همکاران (2000)، پرسشنامهٔ مهارت اجتماعی ماتسون (1983)، آزمون رشد مهارت زبانی نیوشا توسط ملایری و همکاران (1388) بود. مداخلهٔ آموزشی شامل توانمندسازی شناختی- اجتماعی بود که طی پنج‌جلسه بر روی گروه آزمایش به اجرا در آمد. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده به‌وسیلهٔ تحلیل کواریانس و تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که آموزش توانمندسازی شناختی- اجتماعی بر کارکردهای اجرایی- شناختی، مهارت اجتماعی و مهارت زبانی موثر است (0٫001>p). همچنین، تفاوت معناداری بین پس‌آزمون و پیگیری گروه آزمایش وجود ندارد و می‌توان گفت که نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از ثبات کافی برخوردار است. نتیجه‌گیری: می‌توان با بستهٔ آموزشی توانمندسازی شناختی و اجتماعی میزان کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارت اجتماعی و مهارت زبانی کودکان پیش‌دبستانی که مبتلا به اختلال کم‌توجهی-بیش‌فعالی هستند را افزایش داد. 

Designing and validating the cognitive-social cognitive package and determining its effectiveness on the cognitive-executive functions and language skills of preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background & Objective: Childhood is one of the most important stages of life in which one’s personality is formed and shaped. One of the issues to be mentioned in childhood is psychiatric disorders. In the meantime, one of the mental disorders is related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention, Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by incomplete and non-significant levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in various combinations at home, school, work, and the social environment. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most important and most common psychiatric disorders affecting 8-9% of school-age children and 4-5% of adults. The most common treatment for these children is drug therapy. But the long-term side effects of this drug and the low or no effect of the drug in 20-30% of children, children’s resistance and negative parental attitude to the drug are one of the main barriers to this treatment. Therefore, in recent decades, psychologists have tried to reduce the symptoms of this disorder with various therapies, including behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques. So, the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate cognitive-social empowerment training on cognitive-executive functions, social skills, and language skills of preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Methods: This research was quantitative and qualitative. This research designed in two stages: In the first stage, the researcher examined and identified the dimensions of cognitive empowerment using a qualitative design (Foundation Data from Open Coding Method) and tried to develop a program that fits this theoretical framework and developed the status of the research samples. At this stage, the purpose of the qualitative design, that was, the researcher used various studies in the past to find suitable components for education and to formulate a cognitive-social empowerment training program using these components. Secondly, the program implemented in a pilot project to evaluate its effectiveness on the variables of language proficiency and cognitive executive performance. In the quantitative part of the study, subjects were pre-tested to determine their current status according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the end of the educational program, the children tested for the post-test. To investigate the long-term impact of program implementation on research variables, using a pilot design with an experimental group and a control group with pretest-posttest and follow-up. A follow-up test performed after four weeks. The statistical population consisted of all children between 4-6 years of age in Tehran 14 who were educated in preschool centers in Tehran in 1977. The sampling method in this study was cluster random. In this way, district 14 of Tehran selected randomly. Then a list made of the preschool centers in the area (49 preschool centers). Subsequently, three centers chosen by lot from preschool centers in district 14 of Tehran and children from these preschools screened (to identify children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Then, 60 children randomly selected from the identified children and randomly assigned into two groups of 30 experimental and control groups. The research tools were Conner’s Questionnaire (1998), Jiviya et al. Cognitive Executive Function Rating Questionnaire (2000), Matson Social Skills Questionnaire (1983), Nyusha Malaieri et al. Language Skills Test (2009). Educational intervention consisted of cognitive-social empowerment that administered to the experimental group during five sessions. Content of sessions include visual attention, flexibility, self-regulation, response inhibition, auditory attention and response set, tower, memory, behavioral control, motor exercises, maze, mental flexibility, grouping, problem-solving, storytelling, and speaking, Interpersonal skills were listening skills, group harmony, familiarity with social roles and expectations, auditory and motor coordination. Data analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of covariance and analysis of variance performed with repeated measures.Results: Findings using covariance analysis showed that cognitive-social empowerment training is effective on executive-cognitive functions (p<0.001). Also, findings using covariance analysis showed that cognitive-social empowerment training is effective in language skills (p<0.001). Finally, using covariance analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the scores of executive-cognitive functions and language skills in the post-test and follow-up stages of the experimental group.Conclusion: Therefore, the implementation of workshops called Cognitive-Social Interventions to improve the executive-cognitive functions and language skills is suggested to parents and educators of these children.