طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه و باورهای فراشناختی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان نوجوانان پرورشگاهی در قیاس با نوجوانان غیرپرورشگاهی

زمینه و هدف: محرومیت کودکان و نوجوانان پرورشگاهی از مزایای زندگی در خانواده، گاهی آن ها را دچار مشکلات بنیادین در نظام روان شناختی می کند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسهٔ طرحواره های ناسازگار اولیه و باورهای فراشناختی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در نوجوانان پرورشگاهی و غیرپرورشگاهی صورت گرفت.روش بررسی: این پژوهش با روش پس رویدادی (علی-مقایسه ای) انجام شد و جامعهٔ آماری آن را تمامی نوجوانان 13تا17سالهٔ شهرهای تهران و کرج تشکیل دادند. گروه نمونه شامل 191 نوجوان بود که 90 نفر در پرورشگاه سکونت داشتند و ازطریق نمونه گیری دردسترس هدف مند انتخاب شده و 101 نفر غیرپرورشگاهی، با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای وارد پژوهش شدند و به صورت فردی به فرم کوتاه پرسشنامهٔ طرحواره های ناسازگار اولیه (ysqsf) (هنجار یابی آهی و دیگران، 2007) و پرسشنامهٔ فراشناخت (mcq30) (هنجاریابی شیرین زاده دستگیری و دیگران، 2009) و پرسشنامهٔ تنظیم شناختی هیجان cerq)) (هنجار یابی امین آبادی و دیگران، 2011) پاسخ دادند. به منظور تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره استفاده شد.یافته ها: از بین مولفه های طرحواره های ناسازگار اولیه، محرومیت هیجانی (0٫009=p)، شکست (0٫004=p)، از خود گذشتگی (0٫002=p)، بازداری هیجانی (0٫032=p) و معیار های سرسختانه (0٫027=p) متفاوت بود. دو گروه به لحاظ باورهای فراشناختی با یکدیگر تفاوت داشتند؛ بدین صورت که نوجوانان پرورشگاهی دارای اطمینان شناختی کمتری درمقایسه با نوجوانان غیرپرورشگاهی بودند (0٫001>p). تفاوت راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان دو گروه در مولفه های کنارآمدن/پذیرش (0٫012=p) و سرزنش دیگران (0٫003=p) معنادار به دست آمد.نتیجه گیری: نوجوانان پرورشگاهی درمقایسه با همتایان غیرپرورشگاهی خود، واجد طرحواره های ناسازگار و باورهای فراشناختی معیوب به ویژه در حوزهٔ خودباوری و اطمینان شناختی هستند که ناتوانی ایشان را در اتخاذ راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان مناسب در پی داشته است. این یافته ها می تواند جهت تدوین برنامه های پیشگیرانه و توان بخشی و درمانی در اختیار متخصصان مربوط، قرار گیرد.

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Metacognitive Beliefs, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Orphanage and NonOrphanage Adolescents

Background & Objective: Orphanage children and adolescents might experience major mental issues due to lacking familyrelated advantages. Such problems include generating internalizing and externalizing disorders, as well as maladaptive and antisocial behaviors. Due to unsatisfied primary emotional needs, they may use maladaptive schemas, i.e., responsible for developing aggressive and antisocial behaviors in them. The early maladaptive schemas often unconsciously affect the information processing system and are activated automatically. Cognitive emotion regulation is defined as an individual’s thoughts post negative events. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are mostly dependent on an individual’s metacognitive strategies; that refers to how one manages and modifies thoughts after assessing feelings and psychological status in different situations. Emotion regulation could be learned through family modeling and influenced by parenting styles during a child’s development. Therefore, orphanages, who lack a regular family structure experience, may develop inappropriate behavioral expressions of emotions as a result of applying poor emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the present study aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas, metacognition, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies between the orphanage and nonorphanage adolescents. Data in this regard are scarce; therefore, the current research aimed to provide a framework for preventive and therapeutic programs while addressing the existing ambiguities.Methods: This was a retrospective (casual/comparative) study. The study population included all adolescents (1317yearolds) in Tehran and Karaj Cities, Iran. The study sample included 191 adolescents, 90 of whom were selected using a convenience sampling technique from orphanage adolescents. Moreover, 101 of the study subjects were nonorphanages and selected by the multistage cluster sampling method. To ensure the orphanage subjects enjoyed a healthy Intellectual Quotient (IQ) range (≥90), the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test was performed in them.Additionally, nonorphanage adolescents were evaluated in terms of IQ, according to their schoolprovided academic scores (grade point average: ≥15.20). The study inclusion criteria included the lack of severe diseases or psychiatric disorders; for orphanage adolescents, a history of living in supporting organizations without their family since the age of ≤3 years, and nonorphanage adolescents to live with their family since birth. All study subjects completed the Young Schema QuestionnaireShort Form (YSQSF), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The obtained data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).Results: The collected results revealed a significant difference between the orphanage and nonorphanage adolescents’ early maladaptive schemas in terms of their components. These components included emotional deprivation (p=0.009), failure (p=0.004), dedication (p=0.002), emotional inhibition (p=0.032), and unrelenting standards (p=0.027). The study groups also significantly differed in metacognitive beliefs; orphanage adolescents experienced lower cognitive confidence, compared to their nonorphanage counterparts (p<0.001) in the components of metacognitive beliefs. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the cope/reception (p=0.012) and blaming others (p=0.003) components of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The two study groups demonstrated no significant difference in other components of the research variables.Conclusion: The present findings indicated that, compared to nonorphanage adolescents, orphanage ones used maladaptive schemas and experienced disrupted metacognitive beliefs, especially concerning cognitive confidence. Besides, they were weaker in applying appropriate cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Consistent with the expectations, these results highlighted the lack of familyrelated needs in orphanages. Additionally, their failure to exploit the family environment and parenting benefits may develop early maladaptive schemas in them, especially in components related to emotional fulfillment. This can unconsciously influence their metacognition abilities, and consequently, their failure to implement proper metacognition strategies, especially when emotional issues are considered. Such distortions in the cognitive processes of emotions may lead this group to use inappropriate cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These findings could be used to develop preventive, rehabilitative, and therapeutic plans by the experts.