مقایسۀ اثر تمرین منتخب ورزشی، ذهنی و ترکیبی بر اجرای مهارت‌های حرکتی کودکان پسر دارای اختلال هماهنگی رشدی

زمینه و هدف: پنج تا شش درصد از کودکان مقطع دبستان دچار نقص هماهنگی رشدی هستند. هدف، مقایسۀ تمرین منتخب ورزشی، ذهنی، ترکیبی و گزینش بهترین روش برای رشد مهارت حرکتی پسران دارای اختلال هماهنگی رشدی بود.روش بررسی: طرح پژوهش تجربی از نوع پیش آزمون پس آزمون، با گروه گواه بود. تعداد 55 پسر نه تا ده سالۀ شیرازی توسط پرسش نامۀ اختلال هماهنگی رشدی و آزمون ارزیابی حرکتی کودکان2 غربال و پس از همسان سازی شفافیت تصویرسازی دیداری به شکل تصادفی در سه گروه تجربی (چهارده نفر) و یک گروه گواه (سیزده نفر) قرار گرفتند. مداخله به شکل تمرین بدنی، ذهنی و ترکیبی به مدت 24 جلسۀ 45دقیقه ای اجرا شد و به منظور تحلیل داده ها از آزمون شاپیروویلک برای نرمال بودن توزیع متغیرهای وابسته، آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس با استفاده از پیش آزمون به عنوان کووریت و آزمون تی هم بسته برای ارزیابی اثر مداخله، آزمون لوین برای همگنی واریانس ها و از آزمون بونفرونی به عنوان آزمون تعقیبی استفاده شد. یافته ها: یافته های پژوهش نشان داد میانگین و انحراف معیار اجرای مهارت های حرکتی سه گروه تمرین ذهنی، بدنی و ترکیبی در نوبت پس آزمون به ترتیب (3٫671±62٫231 و 4٫235±63٫502 و 2٫773±65٫794=mean±sd) در مقایسه با نوبت پیش آزمون بهبود معناداری داشت (0٫001>p). مقایسۀ بین گروه ها از سودمندی بیشتر تمرین ترکیبی به شکل معناداری (0٫001>p) حمایت کرد.نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد در پسران نه تا ده سالۀ دارای اختلال هماهنگی رشدی، می توان با استفاده از تمرین ورزشی و ذهنی، بهبودی معناداری در رشد مهارت های حرکتی ایجاد کرد و بهترین شیوه برای تسریع رشد حرکتی استفاده از تمرینات ترکیبی است.

The comparison of physical, mental and compound training effect on motor development of boys with Developmental coordination disorder

Background & Objective: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects 5–6% of schoolaged children. The impacts of DCD are also not just confined to daily activities and educational function, but are associated with poor physical health, fitness, psychological and social outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of different type of selected training programs (physical, mental and compound) to investigate the best intervention method in order to improve motor skills performance of children with developmental coordination disorder.Methods: This empirical study, pre and posttest with control group design consisted of 55 school age (910 year old) boys diagnosed to have developmental coordination disorder according to developmental coordination disorder questionnaire)ِ DCDQ07) and movement assessment battery for children second edition (MABC2). The subjects were selected based on a degree of homogeneity of their answers to visual vividness questionnaire and accidentally divided to 4 groups, 3 training groups (physical, mental and compound) each group (n=14) and the control group (n=13). The programs include selected physical training in group, individual mental training conducting PETTLEP (physical, environment, task, timing, learning, emotion, perspective) method and a compound training, the one gives a training order in different turns (physical+ mental and vice versa). No intervention was assigned to control group. To modify cognitive and arousal effects induced by training order, counterbalance method was recruited. All measures were administered pre and post an 8week 3 times a week training program involved 24 sessions of 45 min each. To identify the changes in motor skills performance associated with trainings Ancova and paired sample TTest were conducted to detect differences between the pre and posttest, after making sure of normal distribution of data utilizing ShapiroWilks normality test, Levene’s test was used for testing equality of variances and PostHoc comparisons were carried out with Bonfrroni test (set at 0.05). All data were analyzed using SPSS19 for windows.Results: Mean±SD score on all 3 training groups (mental, physical, and compound) respectively indicates a significant improvement (p<0.001) in motor skills performance from pretest (58.851±4.102, 57.503±6.823, 57.793±4.357) to posttest (62.231±3.671, 63.502±4.235, 65.794±2.773). Within group comparisons implies that compound training significantly (p<0.05) caused more effect than the others.Conclusion: This study set out with the aim of comparison effectiveness of different type of selected training programs (physical, mental and compound) to investigate the best intervention method in order to improve the motor skill performance of children with developmental coordination disorder. The result determined significant improvement in motor skill performance that could be reached by using physical and mental trainings for 910 year old boys who had developmental coordination disorder, and compound training might be the best way to facilitate motor development in DCD children. Literature focuses on measurement of impairment and description of intervention approaches for individual children. Nevertheless, some studies are known about the principles that should guide best practice and service delivery for children with DCD as a population though. This study might help to develop training protocol for DCD children based on more document, which improves our knowledge of both physical and mental trainings functions that would be beneficial for DCD children and therapists.