achievements and challenges in hybrid rice breeding in iran

To ensure food security for the growing population, raising the yield potential of rice remains a priority in iran. based on the per capita rice consumption of 35 kg and a stable rice cropping area of 650000 hectares, the rice yield should be increased to approximately 8,000 kg per hectare. however, achieving high rice yields has become increasingly challenging. this article examines the achievements and challenges associated with hybrid rice breeding in iran. its aim is to analyze the current status, identify barriers and propose solutions for improving hybrid rice breeding processes. the key factors that constrain hybrid rice development are analyzed, and possible solutions to these challenges are proposed. modern technologies in hybrid rice breeding, including gene editing (crispr/cas9 technology), transgenic technology, and artificial intelligence, significantly enhance the ability to improve desirable traits such as disease resistance and grain quality. however, the effective implementation of these technologies in iran faces multiple challenges, including the lack of a clear regulatory framework, public and social concerns, insufficient research infrastructure, and the need for investment. ultimately, iran’s efforts in hybrid rice breeding are crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. there is a need for continuous investment in research, farmer education, and sustainable practices to strengthen the country’s capacity to produce rice despite increasing challenges.