transposable elements: mechanistic insights into a dynamic regulatory landscape of plant stress response with agricultural implications

Transposable  genetic elements (tes) are dynamic dna sequences that significantly impact plant gene expression, enabling adaptation to environmental stresses. this review explores the role of tes in plant adaptation, focusing on the mechanisms of te activation and suppression, including chromatin remodeling, dna modifications, and small interfering rnas (sirnas). stress conditions trigger te activation through interactions between stress-induced transcription factors and te promoters, as seen with retrotransposon families like copia93 and onsen in  modulation of stress-responsive genes. understanding these mechanisms provides valuable insights for agriculture, particularly in developing crops that are resilient to climate change. leveraging te-mediated gene regulation presents innovative strategies for enhancing plant adaptation, highlighting the potential of tes in genetic manipulation for plant improvement.