a comprehensive review of air purification technologies in submarine atmospheres

Maintaining a precisely controlled atmospheric environment is paramount for optimizing the operational effectiveness and survivability of military submarines. early submarines operated with rudimentary atmospheric management, severely limiting submerged endurance. however, the escalating demands of naval warfare, particularly during and following world war i, catalyzed the development of progressively sophisticated air revitalization systems. these advancements enabled extended submerged operations, a key tactical advantage. the advent of nuclear-powered submarines marked a watershed moment, revolutionizing atmospheric control by eliminating the reliance on atmospheric oxygen for propulsion. this technological leap not only transformed submarine propulsion but also spurred the development of highly advanced air purification systems, subsequently influencing conventional diesel-electric submarine designs. more recently, the emergence of air-independent propulsion (aip) submarines has further underscored the critical importance of efficient and reliable air revitalization, as these platforms strive for prolonged submerged durations. this comprehensive review examines the historical evolution of air purification methods in military submarines, specifically focusing on the pivotal technological advancements that have enabled extended submerged operations and significantly enhanced crew survivability. it highlights the development and refinement of key technologies, including electrochemical and chemical oxygen generation, advanced carbon dioxide removal techniques such as amine scrubbing and solid sorbents, and sophisticated contaminant control strategies utilizing catalytic converters and filtration systems. this review also explores how these advancements have been seamlessly integrated into both nuclear and aip submarine platforms, detailing the unique challenges and solutions associated with each.