تبیین قدرت‌یابی احزاب راست رادیکال اروپایی (2008-2018) بر پایه رویکرد «عرضه و تقاضای» پوپولیستی

بسیاری از تحلیلگران، قدرت گیری جریانات پوپولیستی در اروپا را نماد و مُسَبِب ناپایداری و «گسست سیاست» اروپایی خوانده اند. ظهور سریع رهبران و احزاب پوپولیست در قدرت از میانه دهه 2000 تا سال‌های پایانی دهه 2010 نشان داد که شیوع و مقبولیت پوپولیسم به بالاترین حد خود در 30 سال گذشته رسیده است. به ویژه از سال 2016، به قدرت رسیدن احزاب و جنبش های پوپولیستی مخالف آموزه های لیبرالیستی در اروپا و ایالات‌ متحده به نگرانی ها در خصوص گسترش شیوه های اقتدارگرایی سیاست در این کشورها دامن زده است. پرسش اصلی پژوهش این است که علل و زمینه های قدرت‌یابی جریانات پوپولیستی و به‌ویژه احزاب راست رادیکال در طی دو دهه گذشته در اروپا چه بوده است؟ یافته های پژوهش با بهره گیری از رویکردی بدیع در قالب نظریه «عرضه و تقاضا» پوپولیستی نشان می دهد که مطالبات و نارضایتی های 1- اقتصادی و 2- اجتماعی- فرهنگی در سَمت تقاضا (رویکرد پایین به بالا) و در مقابل، استراتژی ها و سازوکارهای سیاسی- نهادی بکار گرفته از سوی دولتمردان و احزاب پوپولیستی در سَمت عرضهِ سیاست های پوپولیستی (رویکرد بالا به پایین)، موجب روی آوری رای‌دهندگان اروپایی به رهبران و احزاب راست افراطی و فراهم شدن شرایط بسیج سیاسی شهروندان از سوی این احزاب شده است. روش پژوهش، کیفی از نوع تبیین علی و روش گردآوری داده ها کتابخانه ای است.

explaining the rise of radical right parties in europe (2008–2018): an approach based on supply and demand of populism

introductionthe rise of the populist radical-right parties (prrp) stands out as one of the most significant developments in western democracies over the past two decades. this trend, seen as a challenging sign within democracy but against liberal democracy, highlights the mounting pressure faced by western political regimes from forces and groups that diverge from the dominant political currents of the last two decades. more specifically, one of the trends in various regions of the eu is the fact that voters, disillusioned by traditional (eu) politics, are turning towards populist and extreme parties both on the left and the right. in this respect, the current research aims to address the question: what were the causes and underlying factors contributing to the rise of radical right parties to power in europe over the last two decades?literature reviewin populist radical right parties in europe, cas mudde (2007) delved into the ideology of prrps. he identifies three core tenets, namely nationalism, authoritarianism, and populism, contending that prrps are not passive entities; rather, they are engaged in actively shaping their destiny within contemporary western societies. in the article “economic insecurity and demand of populism in europe,” guiso et al. (2022) relied on the approach based on demand of populism to argue that market as well as government inefficiencies in providing security have eroded citizen trust in traditional political parties and institutions. the escalating threats of immigration and globalization have further heightened desperation and fear, contributing to the intensified demand for populist policies. guiso et al. (2022) explain how this dual crisis, reflected in economic insecurity, systematically influences the demand for populism. in “conditions favouring parties of the extreme right in western europe,” jackman and volpert (2017) conducted a comprehensive examination of systemic conditions influencing the electoral success of extreme right-wing parties in 16 western european countries between 1970 and 1990. they concluded that factors such as the electoral system, party structure, and higher unemployment rates created a conducive environment for the emergence of such political movements. in addition, dehshiri and ghasemi (2015), in their article titled “fourfold crises and the rise of the radical right in europe,” posit that the four crises (i.e., resource distribution, representation, identity, and immigration) played an undeniable role in shaping the radical right movement in europe.the review of the literature shows different vantage points used to examine the causes, contexts, and consequences of the rise of radical right parties to power. there is a focus on particular aspects such as the electoral system, party structure, identity, and immigration.