سیاست انرژی ایالات متحده در سال های 2011 تا 2022 و تاثیر آن بر روابط عربستان و چین

روابط عربستان و چین طی سال های 2011 تا 2022 رشد و توسعه چشمگیری داشته است. این روابط از نفت شروع و به تجارت، سرمایه گذاری، فناوری و همکاری های نظامی گسترده شده است. توسعه روابط عربستان و چین در نیازمندی های طرفین در بخش انرژی و برنامه های راهبردی توسعه ای مشترک ریشه دارد اما این پژوهش قصد دارد گسترش روابط ریاض- پکن را از منظر یک عامل قدرتمند بیرونی یعنی تحول در سیاست انرژی ایالات متحده بررسی نماید.  پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که سیاست انرژی امریکا در سال‌های 2011 تا 2022، چگونه بر روابط عربستان و چین تاثیر گذاشته است؟ فرضیه ای که در پاسخ به این پرسش و با روش تجربی و تبینی مورد آزمون قرار گرفته این است که سیاست انرژی امریکا در سال های 2011 تا 2022، از طریق افزایش تولید نفت و گاز شیل و تقویت رویکرد نئومرکانتیلیستی در حوزه انرژی این کشور، روند نزدیک شدن دو کشور چین و عربستان به یکدیگر با محوریت بخش نفت و تلاش پکن – ریاض برای گسترش همکاری ها به سایر حوزه ها را تقویت کرده است. یافته مقاله حاکی از آن است که همکاری های چین و عربستان با ملاحظه حساسیت های ایالات متحده به این روابط، در آینده نیز گسترش بیشتری پیدا خواهد کرد.

us energy policy during 2011–2022 and its impact on china–saudi arabia relations

introductionthe china–saudi arabia relations have witnessed significant growth and development from 2011 to 2022. primarily driven by oil relations, the relations between the two countries have flourished in areas such as trade, investment, technology, and military cooperation. in december 2022, the two countries established the highest level of bilateral ties by signing 34 investment agreements valued at around 30 billion dollars, spanning various sectors such as clean energy, hydrogen production, solar energy, information technology, transportation, medical and housing industries, and building materials factories. furthermore, china’s oil imports from saudi arabia increased from 5 million and 66 thousand barrels per day in 2011 to 10 million and 852 thousand barrels per day in 2020. the figure remained above 10 million barrels during 2022, despite the challenges posed by the covid–19 pandemic and unfavorable economic conditions. this trend indicates growing relations between china and saudi arabia.china and saudi arabia have exchanged a large share of capital in the energy sector. the saudi active presence in the chinese oil market has positioned it as china’s largest trade partner in the west asia and african region. the bilateral investment volume between the two countries stands at approximately 73 billion dollars. saudi arabia’s extensive investments aimed at controlling china’s oil import network, refineries, and petrochemical industry, along with its involvement in the plan to double china’s strategic oil reserve, underscore the importance of maintaining china’s energy market for saudi arabia. consequently, given china’s status as the largest energy consumer and saudi arabia’s position as the largest oil exporter, both countries possess the requisite capacity to foster cooperation in this field.in addition, vision 2030 and the one belt one road initiative are strategic factors facilitating the expansion of china–saudi arabia relations. in this regard, the two countries have signed comprehensive strategic cooperation agreements, leading to the establishment of the high-level joint committee. during the committee’s second meeting in riyadh in august 2017, contracts valued at 70 billion dollars were signed. moreover, an important milestone was reached by signing a memorandum of understanding between the two countries for the establishment of a joint investment fund worth 20 billion dollars. furthermore, industrial development fund, china’s silk road fund, and everbright bank were established. these agreements, memoranda, and funds intend to expedite the development of china’s one belt one road initiative and saudi arabia’s vision 2030. although china is trying to maximize its energy security by distributing its oil imports among different countries (e.g., the us), saudi arabia’s consistent share of approximately 20% in recent years remains of utmost significance.literature reviewseveral studies have examined the topics of us energy policy and the development of china–saudi arabia relations.