«آخوندهای مصدقی» و «الهیات رهایی‌بخش» امریکای لاتین: شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌ها از منظری اجتماعی

«آﺧﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﺼﺪﻗﯽ» ﺗﯿﭙﯽ از ﺣﻮزوﯾﺎن ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎی ﺗﻼش ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ی ﭘﺴﺎﻣﺸﺮوﻃﻪ ی اﯾﺮان ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮﻗﺮاری ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻣﯿﺎن دﯾﻦ و دﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ روﻧﺪ. ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮای رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل از دﯾﻨﺪاری و ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ، ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن و آزادی، در دوره ی زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در اﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎی ﻻﺗﯿﻦ در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎی ﭘﻨﺠﺎه و ﺷﺼﺖ ﻣﯿﻼدی اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽ اﻓﺘﺪ. ﺛﻤﺮه ی اﯾﻦ ﺗﻼش، ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﯿﭙﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺎورﻣﻨﺪان ﺑﻪ »اﻟﻬﯿﺎت رﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ« در ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﺸﯿﺸﺎن ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از روش ﺗﯿﭙﻮﻟﻮژی ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﯽ، ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ از ﺧﻼل ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ای ﻣﯿﺎن اﯾﻦ دو ﺗﯿﭗ، ﻧﻮع ﻧﻘﺶ آﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ دﯾﻦ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮد.ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن از ﻫﺸﺖ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮی و وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدی اﯾﻦ دو ﺗﯿﭗ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﻔﺎوت اﯾﻦ دو ﺗﯿﭗ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻃﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ادﻋﺎ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮی ﺗﯿﭗِ ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻬﺎن »اﻟﻬﯿﺎت رﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ« در اﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎی ﻻﺗﯿﻦ، ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪی ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﯾﺮان، ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﺮای آن ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﯿﺎﻓﺮﯾﻨﺪ و دﯾﻦ را ﺑﺎ دﻧﯿﺎ و دﯾﻨﺪاری را ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ، ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن و آزادی ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪی ﻫﻢ راﺳﺘﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﭼﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﮑﺮار ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ی ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮی ﺗﯿﭗ »آﺧﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﺼﺪﻗﯽ«، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮای ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ی اﯾﺮان اﻣﯿﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻮرد اﯾﻦ دو ﺗﯿﭗ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮﮔﺬاری ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت آن ﻫﺎ و در ﻧﻮع ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺷﺎن در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﯾﺮان و اﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎی ﻻﺗﯿﻦ اﺛﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

iranian pro-mosaddegh mullahs and latin american liberation theologians: similarities and differences; a social perspective

the emergence and extinction of social types are considered as indicatives for social changes. the emergence of the new type called “pro-mosaddegh mullahs” (p.m.m) during the 40s and 50s is one such indicative. this type of shiite muslim mullahs could symbolize the efforts of the post-constitutional iranian society for making a balance between religion and mundane life. such attempt was made to reach a balance between religiousness and development in the same period in latin america during the 50s and 60s, leading to the emergence of a new type of christian theologians known “liberation theologians” (l.t). this paper attempts to scrutinize their role in their societies with specific focus on the relationship between religion and social questions. results would show eight considerable shared points regarding the backgrounds of their formation and their pragmatic agenda: the time span of emergence, presenting a new/counter religious discourse in comparison with previous dominant religious discourse/s, introducing new exegesis and interpretations of the holy books (quran and bible), constructing the image of an “active god” vs. the previous dominant image of “passive god”, ecumenical approach toward the sects/religions, emphasis on the role of liberating religious “act” , anti-colonialist approach and finally, anti-dictatorship tendencies. the study also came up with five probable social differences between the two aforementioned types: international scope and activities of l.t, social-oriented activities of l.t, the simultaneous presence of the l.t in the universities and secular scientific institutions and in the church, multi-language abilities of l.t, more geographical mobility of the l.t.