محافظه‌کاری ایرانی با تامل در مشروطه‌طلبی ثقه‌الاسلام تبریزی

مشروطه‌خواهی در ایران با فراز و نشیب‌های زیادی در نظر و عمل همراه بود. یکی از مسائل مرتبط با مشروطه بنا به علل مختلفی از جمله تصلّب ساختار سیاسی حاکم و فقدان زمینه و نهادهای لازم برای طرح مسالمت‌آمیز مطالبات عمومی، بروز و ظهور صف‌بندی متعارض بین دو گروه شامل طرفداران تغییرات رادیکال از یک سو و گرایش‌های ارتجاعی طرفدار وضع موجود از سوی دیگر بود. در این میان، یکی از گرایش‌های مهم برای حفظ و تداوم آنچه می‌توان رویکرد اعتدالی در خلال وضعیت دوقطبی مذکور برشمرد، بر آن بود که ضمن مقابله با استبداد مطلقه حاکم، در مسیر اصلاحات و تغییرات ناشی از مشروطه‌خواهی از توسل به اقدامات رادیکال و اشاعه خشونت بپرهیزد و مشی و طریقه‌ای میانه‌رو در پیش گیرد. شهید ثقه‌الاسلام تبریزی نمایندۀ بارز این جریان به‌شمار می‌آید که هم در نظر و هم سیره عملی خویش بدین امر التزام داشت. در این نوشتار، تفکر و رویه عملی ثقه‌الاسلام براساس اندیشه محافظه‌کاری بررسی شده و مدعای مقاله این‌گونه بسط یافته است که تعبیر خاص و دیدگاه ویژه وی که ذیل مفهوم «مشروطه ایرانی» از آن نام برده است، براساس اصولی از تفکر محافظه‌کارانه از جمله احتیاط درباره حضور مستقیم توده‌ها در سیاست و لزوم کنترل شدت عمل ایشان در عین باور به لزوم مرزبندی با مرتجعان طرفدار وضع موجود و تلاش در راستای تغییرات تدریجی و سازگار با مبانی سنت‌های موجود جامعه، قابل توضیح بوده و براساس آن می‌توان صورت‌بندی خاصی از دیدگاه وی ارائه کرد. در این خصوص، با بهره‌گیری و خوانشی از فلسفه تطبیقی هانری کربن دیدگاه ثقه‌الاسلام تشریح می‌شود.

iranian conservatism with reflection on thiqat al-islam tabrizi constitutionalism

introduction the constitutional movement in iran, which was accompanied by many ups and downs, called for various changes at the political and social levels. the numerous demands that were made under the heading of constitution in an attempt to respond to the political system in iran, they were accompanied by different readings in various opinions procedures in practice. it was considered for a variety of reasons, including the rigidity of the ruling political structure and the providing a sudden opportunity for public demands, movements calling for widespread fundamental changes and even posed a threat to the principle of movement. this inevitably raises a radical dimension among the people, which not only led to some extremism and violence by some constitutionalists, but also it provoked the opposition against the constitutionalism including the monarchists as well as their religious and social allies. in the face of this situation, one of the important tendencies was to try to conserve moderation in the popular struggles, which on the one hand it bordered on the supporters of absolute monarchy, and the same time it called for avoiding of extremism and radical actions. martyr thiqat al islam tabrizi can be considered as a prominent figure of this movement who was committed to adopting a moderate approach and avoiding of violence and extremism, both in terms of his view and practical way. methodology the present article argues that the general characteristics of conservative thought, including caution about the direct presence of the rabble in politics and the need to control the intensity of their actions while believing in the need to demarcate with the reactionaries of the status quo advocates and striving for gradual changes are one of the important pillars of the view of thiqat al –islam. therefore, in this article, while referring to the principles of epistemology, anthropology, and also the political thought of conservatism, the opinions and consequently the political action of thiqat al–islam are analyzed.      findings the findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1. conservatism is generally defined as resistance to change and desire to conserve the status quo old traditions and institutions.2.conservatives see tradition as the foundation of social order, so they are highly skeptical of change, especially large and sudden changes and more than a violent revolution that transforms the established order.3. conservatives generally advocate for changes to conserve traditions and they increase individual and social security.4. anthropologically, conservatives have a pessimistic view of the nature of human. this conservative belief is justified by various aspects, such as religious and psychological. they believe that humans are naturally selfish, thirsty for power and prone to chaos.analysis conservatives have believed in the existence of a supreme authority in society and they have always opposed the presence of the rabble in politics. they have a pessimistic view of freedom from a liberalism perspectives.