تهدیدهای نامتقارن و تغییر در راهبردهای امنیتی ژاپن، 2021-2001

اگرچه بخش بزرگی از تهدیدهای امنیتی ژاپن سنتی و از همسایگان نزدیک (چین و کره شمالی) سرچشمه می‌گیرد، تغییرات ساختاری در نظام بین‌الملل در دوران پسا جنگ سرد با ایجاد تغییر در ماهیت تهدیدها و بازیگران تهدیدساز سبب شکل‌گیری تهدیدهای جدیدی برای امنیت ملی ژاپن شد که با ساختار امنیتی تحمیلی پس از جنگ جهانی دوم به ژاپن (ممنوعیت استفاده از نیروی نظامی در تامین امنیت و وابستگی امنیتی به ایالات‌متحده) به‌طور کامل ناسازگار بود. دو پرسش اصلی در این نوشتار عبارت‌اند از: 1. چگونه تهدیدهای امنیتی نوین سبب احساس ضرورت تغییر در ساختار و راهبردهای دفاعیامنیتی ژاپن شده است؟ 2. دولت ژاپن چه اقدام‌هایی برای رویارویی با تهدیدهای امنیتی نوظهور مانند تروریسم، حمله سایبری، دزدی دریایی، و مسائل محیط‌‌زیستی انجام داده است؟ در فرضیه پژوهش استدلال می‌شود که تهدیدهای امنیتی نوین با گستره وسیع کنشگری و اهمیت نقش بازیگران غیردولتی قدرتمند از یک ‌سو، و ضرورت پاسخ نظامی به این تهدیدها از سوی دیگر، به تحولات امنیتی ساختاری در ژاپن منجر شده است. هدف و رویکرد این پژوهش تحلیلیتبیینی بوده، و چارچوب  نظری آن مکتب کپنهاک است. برای یافتن پاسخ به پرسش‌ها، از روش تحلیل  مفهومی و کیفی  اسناد دولتی مربوط به راهبردهای امنیت ملی ژاپن، و اظهارات سیاستگذاران و یافته‌های پژوهشی کارشناسان استفاده می‌شود. پاسخ ژاپن به تهدیدهای نامتقارن حول دو محور اصلاحات قانونی و گسترش توانایی نظامی، تعمیق همکاری‌های بین‌المللی و مشارکت در عملیات نظامی بین‌المللی برای مقابله با تهدیدهای نامتقارن بوده است.

asymmetric threats and changes in japan’s security strategies, 20012021

although most of japan’s security threats are traditional and come from close neighbors (i.e., china and north korea), the postcold war structural changes in the international system created new national security threats for japan. these changes led to the transformation of the security environment and the  nature of the threats, which were completely incompatible with the security structure imposed on japan after world war ii, particularly the prohibition of the use of armed forces in maintaining security, and its security dependence on the united states. the main objective of the present study is to find answers to the following two research questions: 1. how has the new security threats changed japan’s defense and security structure? 2. what had been japan’s response to these new threats? due to the complexity of the issue, and the descriptiveanalytical approach used by the authors, the method of research is conceptual analysis of the selected japan’s official documents. the theoretical framework is the copenhagen school of security studies, which together with its propositions are utilized in several contexts to analyze japan’s security developments. first, contrary to the realist approach that emphasizes the role of states as major actors in international politics, the copenhagen approach recognizes the importance of the nonstate entities. this proposition allowed the authors to evaluate the activities of terrorist groups and pirates as sources of security threat. second, the copenhagen school’s attention to social processes, as well as the intersubjectivity of security and threat provided the opportunity for authors to explain the threats not only from the perspective of politicians and government elites but also from the different perspectives of the people’s views on security issues affecting them. third, military factors in international relations (e.g., the intensified competition between regional and international powers in asiapacific) were not considered as the as central, focus. rather, adopting a multidimensional and comprehensive perspective, the authors examined the nontraditional dimensions of security such as terrorism, cyber threats, piracy, environmental issues, and the failed governments. all of these nonconventional threats had common characteristics such as being highimpact, extraterritorial, largescale, highspeed. furthermore, effective nonmilitary measures are needed to counter and overcome them.in response to the first question, the authors argue that threats that directly endanger japan’s national security had the greatest impact on japan’s security policy changes. these threats are as follows: a) piracy that directly threaten the maritime security, freedom of navigation, energy security, and trade lines of the country; b) cyber security threats that directly endanger both the government and japanese society; c) ultimately, the consequences of environmental issues such as the increased likelihood of conflicts over joint management of natural resources, economic displacement, migration and asylum, and border conflicts which directly threaten japan’s territorial integrity and its environment. the threats of piracy, cyberattacks, and environmental issues had a greater impact on the reorientation of japanese security strategy than the threats of the failed governments and terrorism.in response to the second question concerning the reasons for the use of military instruments, five points should be considered: 1. the need to deal decisively with new security threats and economic problems; 2. the ineffectiveness of japan’s existing policies of focusing on the use of nonmilitary tools to avert and respond to threats; 3. the need to acquire a appropriate level of military power to have the ability to quickly and unrestrictedly respond to security threats; 4. global expectations from japan for its greater military participation because of its high economic and technological capability; 5. the u.s.japan strategic alliance, and washington’s demand for burdensharing through tokyo’s military involvement. these points explain why a fundamental change in the nature of japan’s national security strategies has taken placed.