سیاست دموکراتیک و طرح الگوی شهروندی رادیکال: بازاندیشی در نظریه شانتال موف

خلا نظریه مناسب برای مطرودان، سیاهان، آوارگان و زنان همیشه در تاریخ اندیشه مطرح بوده است. پس از جنبش‌های دانشجویی دهه 60 اقدام‌هایی در این زمینه صورت گرفت، ولی نظریه مناسبی در حوزه امر سیاسی مطرح نشد. موف با بهره‌گیری از اندیشه‌های پیشینیان در این راستا گام نهاد تا خلا موجود را پوشش دهد. این مقاله به‌دنبال پاسخگویی به دو پرسش است: 1. شهروندی رادیکال در رویکرد ضد ذات‌گرایانه شانتال موف چه ادراک نوینی در حوزه امر سیاسی ایجاد می‌کند؟ و 2. چگونه می‌توان گامی به‌سوی آن در اجتماع سیاسی برداشت؟ با رویکردی کیفی، با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای مفهومی، نخست به دموکراسی مصالحه‌ای و شهروندی در سنت لیبرالی و سپس الگوی شهروندی موف در سنت رادیکال پرداخته شد. موف با بازاندیشی امر سیاسی، هژمونی و آنتاگونیسم، تلاش کرده است تا امکان ارائه بدیل‌های جدید سیاسی را فراهم آورد و آنتاگونیسم را به شیوه‌ای مبتنی بر تساهل دموکراتیک به آگونیسم مبدل سازد. وی در چارچوب منطق هم‌ارزی، مهاجران و سیاه‌پوستان را جزء شهروندان به‌شمار می‌آورد که می‌توانند از راه فرایند دموکراتیک شهروند نامیده شوند. وی در چارچوب رفع تبعیض باور دارد که شهروندان به دور از جنسیت، مذهب، رنگ پوست و مسائل فراجنسیتی می‌توانند از حقوق شهروندی در قالب رادیکال دموکراسی برخوردار شوند، ولی گروه‌های قومی-مذهبی و بنیادگرایان سرکوب می‌شوند. موف بر این نظر بود که برای رادیکالیزه کردن (تقویت) دموکراسی، به یک جبهه چپ پوپولیستی نیازمندیم و در میان آنها، اجماعی درباره ازسرگیری اندیشه شهروندی وجود دارد. وی متاثر از پسامدرنیسم، وجود هرگونه آرمان‌گرایی در حوزه شهروندی را در انسان غربی لحاظ کرده است.

democratic politics and radical citizenship model: a theory of chantal mouffe

the vacuum of an appropriate theory for the outcasts, blacks, refugees, and women has always been evident in the history of thought. after the student movements of the 1960s, measures were taken to overcome this shortcoming, but no suitable theory was proposed in the field of politics. using the ideas of her predecessors, mouffe took steps to fill the gap. this article seeks to answer the following two research questions: 1. what new perception does radical citizenship in chantal mouffe’s anti-essentialist approach create in the field of politics? 2. what steps should be taken towards radical citizenship in the political community?using a qualitative approach, and the method of conceptual content analysis, first citizenship and the principle of compromise in democracy in liberal tradition, and then mouffe’s concept of citizenship in radical tradition are discussed. by rethinking politics, hegemony, and antagonism, mouffe has sought to provide new political alternatives to transform antagonism into agonism in a way based on democratic tolerance. within the framework of the logic of equivalence, she considers immigrants and blacks as citizens who can be called citizens through the democratic process. in the context of non-discrimination, she believes that citizens, regardless of gender, religion, skin color or transgender issues, can enjoy citizenship rights within the framework of radical democracy, but ethnic-religious groups and fundamentalists are suppressed. mouffe maintains that we need a populist left front which achieve consensus on the revival of the idea of citizenship in order to radicalize (and strengthen) democracy. influenced by postmodernism, she has considered the existence of various types of idealism in the field of citizenship in human beings in the west.in addition to moufee’s distinct understanding of the meaning of the political, her argument on citizenship —which has centered around how to see and define citizens— has been among her ideas which have influenced other thinkers. in her works, mouffe tries to criticize and deconstruct the politics of liberal democratic discourse, and present new political alternatives based on a constructive approach. mouffe discusses the idea that liberal thought contemplates about politics in an economic way, and is never able to understand the specificity of the political. in contrast, radical democracy emphasizes the particularity, the existence of different forms of rationality, and the role of tradition (i.e., behavioral traditions). citizenship in liberal theory should be called monocultural citizenship, which neglects distinct cultures in the society and its cultural pluralist nature. this type of thought has caused antagonistic radical citizenship to be proposed as an alternative to compromise-based liberal citizenship.using an anti-essentialist, poststructuralist approach and combining these perspectives with the views of antonio gramsci, mouffe has presented an alternative anti-essentialist approach, which can create a &chain of equivalence& by paying attention to the demands of the working class together with the demands of new movements with the aim of achieving &common will& in order to &radicalize democracy& by understanding the plurality of struggles against different forms of domination. in accordance with schmidt’s arguments, moffee considers the political as conflict and does not consider this conflict to be separate from politics. mouffe believes that the acceptance of conflict as an intrinsic part of politics is the origin and background of radical democratic politics. it is on this basis that she establishes a close link between the political and antagonism, and then tries to present a different definition of the political by proposing the concept of agonism versus antagonism. moffee believes that the desired political identity in radical democracy requires the creation of radical democratic citizens.