تبیین پدیدۀ مهاجرت و علل آن با رویکرد کیفی (مورد مطالعه: استان یزد)

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی موشکافانۀ پدیدۀ مهاجرت در استان یزد و شناسایی علل آن انجام شد. این پژوهش ازلحاظ جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، توصیفی و غیرآزمایشی؛ از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی از نوع اکتشافی و از جنبۀ پارادایمی، کیفی است. مشارکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش، شامل: خبرگان، سیاست‌گذاران، برنامه‌ریزان و مدیران استانی آگاه به فرآیندهای توسعۀ استان یزد بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. در این پژوهش تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری، 45 مصاحبۀ عمیق و نیمه‌ساختارمند انجام‌شد و برای تکمیل اطلاعات از مطالعۀ مدارک و اسناد کتابخانه‌ای، آمار و اطلاعات استانی بهره گرفته شد. با بهره‌گیری از روش‌های مقتضی از روایی و پایایی داده‌ها اطمینان حاصل شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌‌ها، از سه مرحلۀ کدگذاری استفاده شد. نتایج شامل چهار مقولۀ اصلی شامل: «مهاجرت از روستا به شهر»، «مهاجرت کارگران غیرماهر غیربومی»، «مهاجرت اتباع خارجی» و «مهاجرت نخبگان» بود. براساس نتایج مدل پارادایمی به‌دست آمده، مساله اشتغال و معیشت در روستاها و دشواری فضای اشتغال نخبگان (شرایط علّی) از یک‌سو و بسترسازی ناکارآمد در زمینۀ «تحصیل اتباع خارجی»، «ضعف زیرساختی در زمینۀ ایجاد اشتغال اتباع خارجی» و «بسترسازی نامناسب توسعۀ استانی» (شرایط زمینه‌ای) ازسوی دیگر منجر به فرآیند مهاجرت در استان یزد شده است. این فرآیند پیامدهایی هم‌چون: تاثیرات ناشی از «مهاجرت روستا بر شهرها»، «تاثیرات حضور نیروی غیربومی و غیرماهر» و «تاثیرات اجتماعی و فرهنگی حضور اتباع» را داشت. در پایان براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، پیشنهادهایی برای کاهش پیامدها و مدیریت بهینۀ مسائل مهاجران ارائه گردید.

explaining the phenomenon of migration and its causes with a qualitative approach (the case of: yazd province)

abstractthe present research aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in yazd province and its causes. this research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection; applied-exploratory in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. the participants included experts, policy makers, planners and managers who were aware of the development processes of yazd province; selected using the purposeful sampling method. in this research, 45 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation and library documents, statistics and provincial information were used to complete the data. validity and reliability were ensured by using appropriate methods. to analyze, three stages of coding were used. the results included 4 main categories of migration from the village to the city; migration of non-native unskilled workers; migration of foreign nationals and migration of elites. based on the results, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in yazd province. this process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. at the end, based on the findings, some suggestions were made to reduce the consequences and optimally manage of the immigrants’ problems.keywords: migration from the village to the city, migration of foreign nationals, migration of elites, qualitative analysis, yazd province. 1. introductionthe phenomenon of migration has been with mankind since the beginning of history (sharifi zare shahabadi, 2018: 56). as a social phenomenon, it is a dynamic process and caused by changing political, economic, social and cultural conditions (nobahar ghorbani, 2021: 84; sharifi zare shahabadi, 2018: 56), which is observable in all societies either developed or undeveloped ones (nobahar ghorbani, 2021: 84). it should be noted that as long as the distribution of development resources (financial, human resources, access to production raw materials, etc.) is not the same among different regions, the development of the country’s spatial structure will not be equal, and the consequence of this imbalance development is migration from less developed areas to developed ones (askari-nodoushan et al, 2017: 128). yazd province, with a relative development level among the provinces of iran (askari-nodoushan et al., 2019: 84), has become one of the main poles of migrant- receiving provinces of the country in the last three decades. (afshani shiri mohammadabad, 2023: 271; hosseini et al., 2018: 1). the root of this migrant- receiving is that this province has higher levels of socio-economic development than other provinces (afshani shiri mohammadabad, 2023: 272). admittedly, in yazd province, along with the main flow of migrant- receiving, there has been a migrant-sending flow from yazd province to other parts of the country. incoming migrants are mostly unskilled or semi-skilled workers, whereas the migrants leaving this province are educated people, elites and entrepreneurs. this migration flow will have numerous significant economic, social and cultural impacts on yazd province (askari-nodoushan et al., 2019: 84). proper and correct exposure to the phenomenon of migration and its effects and consequences requires a deep study of this phenomenon and investigation of its factors. accordingly, the present research was conducted aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in this province and its causes applying a qualitative approach.  2. materials and methodsthis research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection, applied-exploratory in terms of purpose, and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. the research community was experts, elites, policymakers, planners and provincial managers, entrepreneurs and other people involved in the development processes of yazd province, whom were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and finally 45 interviews were conducted after reaching theoretical saturation. in order to collect data, in-depth and semi-structured interviews and complementary methods such as studying documents and library documents, provincial statistics and data were used. in the interviews, this question was responded: what are the causes and effects of migration in yazd province? validity and reliability of data were confirmed employing various methods of data collection. to analyze the data, three stages of coding were applied. 3. discussionbased on the findings, paradigm model of migration in yazd province was presented. in this model, the causal condition, contextual condition, intervening, strategies and consequences of the migration process in yazd province were depicted. based on this model, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in yazd province. this process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. in this regard, strategies such as: “management and planning in relation to immigrants” could be presented. 4. conclusionaccording to the results, four main categories were identified including “migration from the village to the city”, “migration of non-native unskilled workers”, “migration of foreign nationals” and “migration of elites”. in the category of “migration from the village to the city”, three subcategories were extracted. “louis” has also mentioned in his two-sector growth model theory of development that there is a surplus of labor in the rural areas, and this surplus rural labor is transferred to the urban industrial sector. in addition, these results were consistent with findings of “azmi” and “torbati panah” (2021), “sharifi” and “zare shahabadi” (2018), “movahedi” and “samiyan” (2018), “ghasemi ardehaei” and “kord zanganeh” (2018)  and “mermanishvili” (2022). furthermore, two subcategories were extracted in the main category of “migration of non-native unskilled workers”. in other words, the lack of improper infrastructure for development encourages people to migrate. the models of attraction and repulsion as well as the theory