فراترکیب مدل‌های توسعۀ کارآفرینی اجتماعی

کارآفرینی در جهان نوین از حوزۀ صرف کسب و کار فراتر رفته و در عرصه‌های اجتماعی، سیاسی، فرهنگی، اخلاقی و... نیز معنایافته است. کارآفرینی اجتماعی متضمن خلق ارزش اقتصادی و اجتماعی در قالبی نوآورانه است. پژوهش حاضر در تلاش است تا با استفاده از پارادایم تفسیری و روش فراترکیب، یافته‌های مطالعات صورت‌گرفته در حوزۀ مدل‌های کارآفرینی اجتماعی را به‌صورت نظامند بررسی کرده و به تحلیل آن‌ها بپردازد. با اتخاذ رویکرد تفسیری نقش کارآفرینی اجتماعی در تحول اجتماعی و عملکرد آن به‌عنوان نوعی گسست از شیوه‌های مرسوم و رسیدن به شیوه و مدل‌های جدید کاهش یا رفع نیاز‌ها و مسائل با استفاده از خلاقیت و نوآوری، در قالب مدل‌های کارآفرینی اجتماعی ارزیابی می‌شود؛ بدین‌معنا که مطالعۀ الگوهای مشترک معنایی در پژوهش حاضر ازطریق بررسی مدل‌های موجود کارآفرینی اجتماعی صورت پذیرفته است؛ بدین‌ترتیب با مراجعه به سایت‌های الکترونیکی «گوگل اسکولار» و «اسکوپوس» در بازۀ زمانی 2000 تا 2022م. ازمیان انبوه مقالات اولیه، تعداد 35مقاله مناسب شناسایی شدند؛ هم‌چنین اعتبار مفاهیم ارائه شده، خروجی‌های فراترکیب و مفاهیم پدیدار شده به روش پانل دلفی، توسط گروهی از نخبگان دسته‌بندی شده و مورد تایید قرار گرفته است. در راستای تحلیل مقالات منتخب، مفاهیم تشکیل‌دهندۀ ابعاد و مولفه‌های تاثیرگذار، از روش تحلیل محتوا استفاده شده است. یافته‌های حاصل از فراترکیب نشانگر تکوین ابعاد کارآفرینی اجتماعی در قالب پنج‌دستۀ کلی «نوآوری چند‌سطحی»، «ارزش آفرینی اجتماعی»، «بوم‌شناسی و طراحی مدل کسب و کاراجتماعی»، «تعریف نقش کارآفرین اجتماعی» و «اشتغال و درآمدزایی» می‌باشد.

meta-synthesis of social entrepreneurship development models

abstracttoday, entrepreneurship goes beyond the realm of business and is also meaningful in the social, political, cultural, moral, and other fields. social entrepreneurship involves creating economic and social value in an innovative way. the aim of this study is to investigate and explore social entrepreneurship models using meta synthesis method. thus, after referring to the sites “google scholar” and “scopus” in the period 2000 to 2022, among the many scientific articles, 35 suitable articles were identified. the validity of the proposed concepts, the hybrid outputs, and the concepts generated by the delphi panel technique have been categorized and validated by a group of elites. in order to analyze the concepts, dimensions and influential components, the content analysis method has been used. findings indicate the development of social entrepreneurship dimensions in the form of five general categories: “multilevel innovation”, “social value creation”, “ecology and design of social business model”, “definition of the role of social entrepreneur” and “employment and income generation”.keywords: social entrepreneurship, business, innovation, creating social value. 1. introductionsocial entrepreneurship is an emerging field in entrepreneurship literature. although recently the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has received increasing attention in research and practice, but so far no common definition of it has been provided that is agreed upon by researchers.in a general definition, rasmussen considers entrepreneurship to be inherently complex. this process includes all activities, functions and actions related to the perception of opportunities and the creation of subsequent organizations. this complexity is due to the uncertainty that results from how to choose the best method to develop a business concept, obtain the necessary resources and make effective decisions (rasmussen, 2011: 448). in another definition, social entrepreneurship is a fluid and controversial concept that includes meanings that are interpreted differently according to the cultural, geographical and historical context. it seems that the understanding of social entrepreneurship is realized in its comparison with economic entrepreneurship. for this purpose, the general principles of social entrepreneurship will be examined first, and then the differences between the two will be determined by examining the principles of economic entrepreneurship.social entrepreneurship offers solutions to a range of social problems (nicholls 2006) and is acknowledged to be an effective mechanism for generating economic, social and environmental value (acs et al. 2013; austin et al. 2006; murphy and coombes 2009). social entrepreneurship has also been associated with wider social change processes (acs et al. 2013; alvord et al.2004; mair et al. 2012a, b; mair and martí 2009; steyaert and hjorth 2006. social entrepreneurs also act as agents of social change.they act towards social development through new approaches, and create solutions to improve the status quo by exploiting opportunities that are overlooked by others. just as an entrepreneur can create a new industry, a social entrepreneur can also find a new solution for social problems and implement it in the best way (omarani et al., 2019: 12-13). the aim of the study is to explain the models of social entrepreneurship, using an interpretation paradigm that can be the basis for understanding, interpretation and a common agreement of this phenomenon.the main question of the research is what are the prominent, central and common concepts in social entrepreneurship development models? answering this question, because it is an attempt for the conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, in addition to strengthening the knowledge bases in scientific and research literature through a structured review of existing models and extracting qualitative codes, definitions and concepts with the same methodology and assimilation and their combination provides new and more comprehensive interpretations and concepts. 2. materials and methodsthe research method is analytical-descriptive and based on interpretive paradigm. the data were collected using the qualitative research method. meta synthesis is a type of qualitative study that uses the findings of other qualitative researches in the field of a subject as data and includes them in the study based on the research question (sandelowski, 2008: 105).  in this method, the researcher identifies the research question and then seeks to find, select, evaluate, summarize and combine qualitative evidence to explore the research questions. in order to combine existing qualitative studies and create more meanings, this process uses an interpretive process along with precise qualitative methods (ervin et al., 2011: 186). this study uses the meta synthesis process of erwin et al (2011). in six