اشتراک و هویت پسامدرن: رویکرد جامعه‌شناسانه به «تئاتر باز » امریکا

این مقاله، «تئاتر بازِ » معاصرِ امریکا را دهه‌های شصت و هفتاد مورد کنکاش جامعه‌شناسانه قرار می‌دهد. تئاتر باز، عرصه‌ای متفاوت برای اجراهای تجربی فراهم آورده که در آن جامعه و مفهوم «باهم بودن » دستخوش تغییرات بنیادین می‌شود. گرایش به هم‌گرایی، آبشخور مسئلۀ هویت در این تئاتر است. در جستار پیش رو، رویکرد اجراهای تئاتر باز به مفهوم جامعه، از منظر ژانلوک نانسی بررسی می‌شود. از دو نظریۀ «همانندسازی » و «وفقۀ » نانسی برای تحلیل تئاتر باز استفاده خواهد شد. در این تئاتر، جامعه مدلول همانندسازی است که در آن هویت در بستری از کنش‌های یکسان‌ساز و مشترک رها و در گفتمان قدرت غرق می‌شود. در این روند، تفاوت‌ها و تضادها تقلیل می‌یابد تا جامعه به امر همگون دست یابد. اما در موقعیت‌هایی خاص و در مواجهه با ناشناخته‌های ادراکی، اشتراک‌پذیری و همانندسازیِ کاراکتر‌ها با وفقه مواجه می‌شود و تماشاگران، موقتاً، مرزهای نارفتۀ شناختی را تجربه می‌کنند. آن‌ها بر آماج یکسان‌ساز، مانند رسانه و فرهنگ عام، فائق می‌شوند و گسست در هویت هم‌گرا را می‌چشند. پس تئاتر بازْ تجربه‌ای دوگانه از اشتراک و انفصال است. این دوگانگی، رویکرد متفاوت این نوع از اجرا به سیاست و هویت پسامدرن است. تئاتر باز، بدون سیاست‌زدگی مرسوم در تئاترهای تجربی، روند شکل‌گیریِ هویت در جامعۀ مغلوب و مبهوت رسانه و سرمایۀ امریکا را به چالش می‌کشد.

The Common and Postmodern Identity: A Sociological Study of “Open Theater” in America

This essay is an attempt to study the contemporary “Open Theater” in America from a sociological point of view. Open Theater stages experimental performances in which society and the idea of being together or communality are radically challenged and questioned. Inclination toward being together is the main formulation behind the formation of identity in these plays. This essay studies Open Theater’s conception of togetherness from the perspective of JeanLuc Nancy’s theories of the “communal” and “interruption.” These plays view society as the product of communal impulses that reduce identity to passivity to become similar. Identity is the product of fictions imposed by power that withdraw differences and install similarities in the subjects. However, there are some situations in the performances in which the audience encounter activities and sensations that are totally unknown and unseen. These notyetexperienced moments break the predetermined identity caused by media and popular culture and create new horizons for perception and interaction between the audience and the stage. As a result, this type of theater creates a dualism between the common and the uncommon shared and divided. This subverted binary can be considered as Open Theater’s iconoclastic stance toward postmodern identity and politics. Now the ideas of commonality and communality become the target of scrutiny as they undergo momentary pause on the set. Open Theater, without the conventional politicization of the experimental theater in the 1960s and 70s, challenges identity formation in the American society dominated by media and capitalism. The scenography in Open Theater, along with character delineation, sets forth the process of communality and the pause in this process. Now the ideas of commonality and communality become the target of scrutiny as they undergo momentary pause on the set. The characters’ presence is thus split between being communal or conformist (as in the case of following TV ads), and divided or nonconformist (as in the case of resisting the media codes of behavior and personality). The crucial point to bear in mind is that both of these features occur simultaneously during the performances, and there is no sharp contrast or dividing line between them. Thus, postmodern identity as depicted and performed in Open Theater is an unending struggle and dialectic between the fantasy of being communal and reality of being divided and selfdivided. The reality and unreality of props and dolls brought on the set force the actors to react to their presence in antinaturalistic gestures that pertain to the impossibility of making a firm decision between congruent and contingent. Contingency is created by the insertion and implantation of scenes in which the audience experience deep shocks via gestures and sounds that are far beyond the everyday and the previouslyknown. This is how this type of theater achieves radicalization of the idea of society and being social because the audience and the characters undergo coincidence of sociality and asociality. Open Theater is the arena for experiencing dualism in perception and identity to come up with new politics of theater without conventional social forms and rules.