تعهدات زیست‌محیطی شرکت های فراملی و مسئولیت بین المللی مرتبط با نقض تعهدات ؛ مطالعه موردی آلودگی دریای مازندارن

ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎی ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﯽ، ﺿﺮورت ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎی ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ آنﻫﺎ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻣﻮارد ﻧﻘﺾ را ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺷﯿﻮه‌ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ - ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪی در ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﻧﮥ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﺳﺖ؟ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﯿﺎن داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞﻫﺎی زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄ ﯽ را در ارﺗﺒﺎ ط ﺑﺎ اﯾ ﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن دو ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻧﻘﺾ اﯾﻦ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﺑﺮاﻧﮕﯿﺰ اﺳﺖ از ﺣﯿﺚ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ درﯾﺎی ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ آن، ﻣﻮﺿﻮع آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻧﻔﺘﯽ اﯾﻦ درﯾﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ ﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎی ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﯽ ﻃﺮف ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻬﻮری آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد.

environmental obligations of transnational corporations and their international responsibility on breach of obligations; case study of caspian sea pollution

expanding influence in transnational corporations made them an attractive international law subjects. one of the most important legal issue of these companies are always the environmental law violations. multiple violation of the environmental law in the past years, bolded the need to clarity international standards governing their environmental behavior as well as their responsibility for violations. this article uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question that in the framework of international law, what are the rules governing the environmental behavior of these companies and what is their international responsibility? in response, it is argued that although international law has been able to establish environmental minimums (soft legal rules) in relation to these companies, the two issues of environmental requirements and the responsibility for violating these requirements are still challenging. in terms of international responsibility for breaches of environmental obligations, the general rules of international law are applicable. considering the importance of the caspian sea and its environmental protection, the issue of oil pollution of this sea by transnational companies contracting with the republic of azerbaijan is also briefly examined as an issue.