شاکلۀ درودگری و تناسبات دَر و پنجره‌های چوبی ابنیۀ تاریخی شرق ایران

دَر و پنجره‌ها به‌عنوان پیمون در معماری ایرانی به‌کاررفته ونیز دو، سه، پنج و هفت‌دری‌ها دارای مفاهیمی خاص در اندازه و ابعاد و بسته به نوع بنا، حامل تزئینات فراوانی بوده که قاب‌ها از مهم‌ترین آن‌هاست. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین ساختار درودگری و تناسبات دَر و پنجره‌های ابنیۀ تاریخی شرق ایران است و به‌دنبال پاسخ بدین پرسش است که، ساختار درودگری و تناسبات دَر و پنجره‌های ابنیۀ تاریخی شرق ایران چیست؟ روش پژوهش به‌لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر ماهیت، توصیفی و تحلیلی بوده، گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه‌ای و به‌ویژه میدانی و نمونه‌گیری، هدفمند نمونه‌های در دسترس است. نتایج حاصله را می‌توان در سه بحث ارائه کرد؛ 1. انواع فرم و طرح، 2. طراحی و تناسبات، 3. تزئینات. در بحث اول، فرم‌ها، تعداد لَت، طرح قاب به‌ترتیب در شش، پنج و شش دسته طبقه‌بندی می‌شوند. تعداد قاب‌ها بسیار فراوان بوده که شاکلۀ اصلی، تعیین محل قرارگیری دَر و پنجره با توجه به فضای داخلی بنا، تنظیم میزان ورود نور به داخل بنا و هم‌چنین ارزش‌گذاری فضاها و سبب ایجاد نظم و جلوگیری از یکنواختی دیداری می‌شود. بحث دوم، اساس ساخت دَر و پنجره و روزن‌ها، جریان باد و استفاده بهینه از نور طبیعی است که سبب تعیین ابعاد و اندازه‌ها شده است. تکنیک ساخت آلت و لقط و تمامی دَر و پنجره‌ها برمبنای تناسبات طلایی طراحی و اجرا شده و تفاوتی میان هیچ‌کدام نبوده و همگی از یک الگو تبعیت می‌کنند. در بحث سوم، تزئینات به سه دستۀ چوبی، فلزی، شیشه‌رنگی تقسیم‌شده و با توجه به نوع محل و فضای استفاده در بنا از الگوی خاص، زیبایی‌شناسی، اصول هندسه و تناسبات در طراحی و اجرا تبعیت کرده و همگی معرف هنر اسلامی هستند.

carpentry patterns and proportions of wooden doors and windows in historical buildings in eastern iran

abstractiranian architecture prominently incorporates doors and windows, where the number of panels-two, three, five, or seven-carries specific implications regarding the nature of the building. these architectural features are typically embellished with intricate decorations, with the frames being a significant aspect of their design. the purpose of this research is to explore the woodworking techniques and the proportional dimensions of doors and windows in the historical architecture of eastern iran. the study seeks to answer the question: what is the nature of woodworking and the proportions of doors and windows in these historical buildings? the research approach is fundamentally descriptive-analytical. data gathering is accomplished through library research, field studies, and intentional (judgment-based) sampling of available examples. the findings can be structured into three primary sections: forms and designs typology: this analysis organizes forms, panel quantities, and frame designs into six, five, and six categories, respectively. the prevalence of various frames is crucial, as the main framework influences the arrangement of doors and windows in relation to the building’s internal space, thereby controlling the influx of natural light and enhancing spatial value, which promotes order and alleviates visual monotony. design and proportions: this portion addresses the foundational aspects of constructing doors, windows, and openings, emphasizing the significance of airflow and the optimal use of natural light, which plays a crucial role in determining their dimensions and sizes. the construction practices for all doors and windows are aligned with the golden proportions, promoting uniformity across designs that adhere to a consistent pattern. decorations: the decorative aspects are categorized into three types: wooden, metallic, and stained glass. these decorations are adapted to the specific location and function within the building, following patterns and aesthetic considerations that embody geometric and proportional principles in their design and execution, all of which resonate with the characteristics of islamic art.keywords: woodworking, doors and windows, standard or scale, golden proportions, eastern iran. introductioniran’s traditional architecture has unique features that, while paying attention to the environment, respond to the climatic needs of each region; doors and windows are no exception to this rule. the technical and visual typology of doors and windows not only includes technical aspects but also embodies religious and social values and concepts. doors and windows play a decisive role in the appearance of a building and serve as a medium that allows the residents to see and feel the space they inhabit. these doors, representative of each historical period, showcase a range of decorative arts in iran-including painting, enameling, wood carving, burl wood, etching, and chinese knotwork-depending on their architectural characteristics and location of installation. the practice of inscribing text on doors, decorating facades with prayers, adhering to the principles of privacy and introversion in traditional iranian architecture, and distinguishing between male and female percussion instruments (door knockers) highlights the importance of the “door” as more than just an object. as significant elements in iranian architecture, doors are often seen in configurations of two, three, five, or seven panels, each having special meanings in terms of size and dimensions. furthermore, the door and window frames not only follow specific proportions within the space of the houses but also maintain harmony and proportion in their dimensions.datedoors are fundamental elements in architectural design, serving to regulate the interaction between indoor and outdoor environments while managing access. their size and construction materials, predominantly wood, differ according to the specific type and intended use of the building. in iranian architecture, a variety of doors, windows, and skylights are incorporated, fulfilling multiple roles including the provision of natural light, ventilation, scenic views, aesthetic enhancement, and security.doors are composed of several elements, including the bahu,