شواهدی نویافته از رشد پیچیدگی‌های اجتماعی دشت قزوین در آغاز هزارۀ اول پیش‌از‌میلاد

قره‌تپۀ سگزآباد تنها محوطۀ عصر آهن دشت قزوین است که در آن کاوش‌های گسترده‌ای انجام شده  است. متاسفانه به‌دلیل تخریب لایه‌های فوقانی این تپه، اطلاعات از اواخر هزارۀ دوم و اول پیش‌ازمیلاد منطقه بسیار اندک است. کمبودی که برطرف‌شدن آن کمک شایانی به درک درست‌ترِ چگونگی ادغام مناطق مختلف فلات ایران در حکومت‌های پسین خواهد ‌نمود. در کاوش‌های باستان‌شناختی سال 1395، گورستان جدیدی متعلق به نیمۀ نخست هزارۀ اول و اواخر هزارۀ دوم پیش‌ازمیلاد در شرق قره‌تپه کشف گردید. با توجه به اهمیت گورستان‌ها در مطالعۀ جنبه‌های مختلف اجتماعی‌، فرصت پاسخ به پرسش‌هایی در زمینۀ نوع ساختار اجتماعی جوامع منطقه و تطبیق نتایج حاصل از مطالعه این یافته‌ها با منابع آشوری فراهم گردید. فرضیات اولیه‌ای در ارتباط با وجود جامعه‌ای از نوع خا‌‌‌ن‌سالار در منطقه و اشاره به آن در منابع آشوری مطرح  است. براساس تحلیل یافته‌های باستان‌شناختی گورستان شرقی قره‌تپۀ سگزآباد و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای معتقدیم جامعه‌ای سلسله‌مراتبی با انتقال جایگاه اجتماعی موروثی دست‌کم از اواخر هزارۀ دوم پیش‌ازمیلاد در منطقه شکل گرفته ‌ است. هم‌چنین یافته‌های متعلق به نیمۀ نخست هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد بیانگر وجود شواهدی از تفکیک فضای گورستان، تاکید بر شجره، رشد جمعیت، ظهور سازۀ خشتی بزرگ، گسترش روابط فرامنطقه‌ای و تشدید تولید اشیائ فلزی (آهن و مفرغ) است. این یافته‌ها گواهی بر رشد پیچیدگی‌های اجتماعی با آغاز هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد در منطقه هستند. افزون‌بر این، در برخی از منابع مکتوب برجای مانده از پادشاهان آشور نو، به محلی با نام «بیت‌-‌کپسی» اشاره شده است؛ این محل توسط برخی از پژوهشگران، در منطقۀ دشت قزوین جایابی شده‌ است. براساس منابع آشور نو «بیت-‌کپسی» نوعی سازمان سیاسی منطقه‌ای یا جامعۀ خان‌سالار در سدۀ 8 پ.م. در منطقه است. اگر جایابی بیت-‌‌کپسی در دشت قزوین صحیح باشد، یافته‌های باستان‌شناختی این گورستان که حاکی از رشد پیچیدگی‌های اجتماعی در منطقه است، از روند ظهور آن حمایت می‌کند.

new evidence of increasing social complexities in the qazvin plain at the beginning of the first millennium b.c.

abstractqareh tepe in sagzabad is the only iron age site in the qazvin plain that has been extensively excavated. unfortunately, due to the destruction of the upper layers of this mound, the information from the end of the second and first millennia bc of the area is insufficient. a new cemetery, in the east of qareh tepe, was found in the archeological excavations during 2016. the graves in this cemetery belonged to the first half of the first millennium and the end of the second millennium bc. since cemeteries are valuable archaeological contexts to study various social aspects, the finds from this new cemetery could provide valuable information on the social structure of the resident society in the area during the timeframe mentioned. according to the existing theoretical models about social evolution, the present study aimed to evaluate the archaeological findings and compare them with the information obtained from the neo-assyrian accounts. the results revealed the existence of a hierarchical society with the transmission of hereditary social status at least since the end of the second millennium bc in the area. furthermore, the finds from the first half of the first millennium bc indicated evidence of the separation of the cemetery space, emphasis on genealogy, population growth, sizeable mud-brick buildings, extensive trans-regional relations, and the intensification of metal production in the area. these findings indicated the increasing social complexities at the beginning of the first millennium bc. in addition, in their accounts, some neo-assyrian kings mentioned a place called “bit- kapsi”; this place was probably in the qazvin plain. “bit- kapsi” was a kind of regional polity or chiefdom during the 8th century bc in the area. the archaeological evidence indicates increasing social complexities at the beginning of the first millennium bc in the area, which could be associated with the emergence of “bit- kapsi”. keywords: qareh tepe, sagzabad, qazvin plain, iron age, social complexity, bit-kapsi.introductionqareh tepe of sagzabad, located in the southwest of the qazvin plain, was one of the three mounds selected for archaeological excavations by the department of archaeology of the university of tehran. its archaeological sequence encompasses the chalcolithic period, bronze age, iron age, and the achaemenid period (malek shahmirzadi, 1987; azizi kharanaghi and niknami, 2013). unfortunately, due to the extensive unauthorized digging and farming activities, many parts of the upper layers of this mound have been damaged (malek shamirzadi, 1987), leading to insufficient information about the communities of the end of the second millennium and the beginning of the first millennium bc. fortunately, recent excavations have led to the identification of a cemetery on the eastern side of qareh tepe (dehpahlavan, 2016). the archaeological findings and two c14 samples indicated that the graves of this cemetery belong to the end of the second millennium and the first half of the first millennium bc. considering the value of cemeteries in studying various social aspects, we had the opportunity to answer some of the questions regarding the social structure of resident communities in the area during the mentioned period. this study aims to better understand the social structure of the communities in the first millennium bc, according to the findings obtained from the excavations of this cemetery and the results of previous excavations in qareh tepe, as well as the written sources (assyrian accounts).the eastern cemetery of qareh tepe in 2016, a cemetery belonging to the iron age was found in the east of qareh tepe (dehpahlavan, 2018a: 437). five seasons of excavations in this cemetery revealed evidence of graves that belonged to the end of the second millennium bc and the first half of the first millennium bc (dehpahlavan, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021). since the graves of this cemetery were found in different depths, they were classified into five levels: the graves of the first to fourth levels belong to the first millennium bc, while the graves of the fifth level belong to the end of the second millennium bc. burial of children and determination of the social organization hierarchical societies are introduced as regional polities (johnson and earle, 2000) or chiefdoms (service, 1962). ethnographic and anthropological studies have indicated that in hierarchical societies, children benefit from their fathers’ material and spiritual advantages immediately after birth. at this stage, lineages are categorized, and people have a particular social status from birth, regardless of their capabilities (flannery, 2001: 55; flannery, 1995: 12, 13). one of the most important archaeological findings to identify this type of society is the burial of children with prestige goods (marcus, 2008). in the eastern cemetery of qareh tepe, 16 independent graves of children were found, eight of which had prestige goods. the oldest grave of children with prestige goods belonged to the fifth level of the