بازسازی نظام تولید دست‌افزار سنگی در ادوار پساپارینه‌سنگی جنوب‌شرق دریای مازندران؛ مطالعه موردی محوطه پنج‌برار رستمکلا

به‌رغم دستیابی انسان به فناوری استفاده از فلزات در پیش‌ازتاریخ، فناوری تراش دست‌ساخته‌های سنگی اهمیت و کارایی خود را از دست نداد. در برخی از حوزه‌های فرهنگی با توجه به‌دسترسی محلی به منابع سنگ خام و به‌دست‌آوری آسان و کم‌هزینه، این فناوری تا هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد به‌شکلی گسترده ادامه یافته است. پس از عصر سنگ و توسعۀ جوامع پیچیدۀ ساختار تولید دست‌افزار‌های سنگی نیز مطابق به‌شرایط از پیچیدگی‌های بیشتری برخوردار شد. در این محدوده زمانی تقاضای بیشتر جوامع گسترده و پیچیده در رابطه با استفاده از دست‌افزار‌های سنگی، منجر به شکل‌گیری نظام‌‌های تخصصی تولید و عرضۀ دست‌ساخته‌های سنگی شده است. در این پژوهش یکی از نظام‌های تولید محصولات سنگی پساپارینه‌سنگی در جنوب‌شرق دریای مازندران مورد تحقیق و بررسی قرار گرفته‌ است تا براساس آن تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های فناوری و گونه‌شناسی میان پراکندگی‌های چالش‌برانگیز دست‌ساخته‌‌های سنگی دوره‌های پساپارینه‌سنگی و پارینه‌سنگی در محدودۀ جنوب دریای مازندران تبیین گردد؛ اما این‌که این دست‌ساخته‌ها طی چه فرآیندی و با چه زنجیرۀ عملیاتی تولید شده‌اند و چه بقایایی خارج از استقرارهای باستانی از مکان خود برجای گذاشته‌اند، پرسشی است که این پژوهش در پی پاسخ‌گویی به آن است. پنج پایگاه تولید دست‌افزارهای سنگی در منطقه‌ای به وسعت چهار کیلومتر مربع شناسایی و مورد بررسی باستان‌شناختی قرار گرفت. پنج‌برار بزرگ‌ترین مکان تولید دست‌افزار سنگی شناسایی شده در منطقه است. در این پژوهش، 796 قطعه دست‌ساخته‌ سنگی به‌دست ‌آمده از محوطۀ پنج‌برار رستمکلا مورد مطالعۀ فناوری و گونه‌شناسی قرار گرفته است. مهم‌ترین محصول این محوطه، تیغه‌های سنگی بلند است. در نتیجه، محوطه‌های شناسایی شده به‌عنوان بخشی از یک نظام گستردۀ تولید دست‌افزار سنگی با محوریت گوهرتپه قلمداد شده‌اند. هم‌چنین با تحلیل توالی‌ تراش از مراحل مقدماتی تا تولید تیغه چگونگی به‌وجود آمدن تراشه‌های شبه لوالوا مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.

Reconstruction Post-Palaeolithic Stone Tools Production Systems; Based on a Case Study from Panj-Berar Site, Southeast of Caspian Sea

In the earliest times stone tools were produced for the vital needs of hunting or gathering food resources for which the awareness of humans on the characteristics of different kinds and mineral capacities of stones raw materials played an important role in the production processes. Stone tools were produced, traded and used according to the different environmental Potential to different tradition from the lower Palaeolithic to the later times even human access to metal technology in the later prehistoric period, lithic technology did not lose its importance and efficiency. With the advent of urbanization and the development of complex societies, the structure of stone tools production systems has become more complex. In some areas, due to the local or regional availability of lowcost raw materials, the lithic technology has continued to expand widely even to the first millennium BC. At this time, the high demand in complex societies for the use of stone tools has led to the development of specialized lithic production systems. In the area of this study, a postPalaeolithic stone tool production system in the southeast of the Caspian Sea has been investigated. This system deals with the massive settlement urbanization of Gohar Tepe to produce and supply lithic products at the regional level. In this study, 5 sites, namely Khanehsar 3, Rostamkola 1, Panj Berar, Bez khal, Kefal Lingeh, present surface dispersions of lithic material. The common characteristic of all lithic production bases is existence of large blades cores and long blades. Due to a high density of lithic scattered on an extensive area of about 10 ha, the Panj Berar area was selected for sampling of lithic artifacts. Flakes with centripetal negative removal, hereinafter referred to as Levalloislike flakes, byproducts are a production process that can be misleading. This research examines how to create these flakes.Keywords: PostPaleolithic, Lithic Production System, Chaîne Opératoire, Gohar Tepe, PanjBerarIntroductionThe use of stone to create a tool for a specific purpose is not limited to the Paleolithic period. Its abundance, raw material quality, easy accessibility and low cost make it an efficient tool that has survived the oldest human technology even to the historic periods. In some cultural areas where high quality raw material resources are rich, used the stone tools from paleolithic to the postpaleolithic. But in what process, in what Chaîne Opératoire, and what remains are they left outside of archaeological settlements, is the question that this research seeks to answer.Procuration of raw material, reduction and initial cortex removal, preparation of a pebble or block in the form of core, are the preliminary stages of the Chaîne Opératoire. This generally occurs near sources of raw material, and what remains is a surface filled with lithics that contain signs of human activity. The problem that arises in dealing with such sites is how to distinguish between knapping methods in the Paleolithic and PostPaleolithic periods. Especially if several centripetal negative removals were used to prepare the surface of a rock, there would simply be similar flakes to samples from the Paleolithic period (Levalloislike flakes). Such debitages, if obtained outside a settlement area and away from other Characteristic elements of any prehistorical period, will have a serious problem with their assignment to specific periods. This problem is particularly acute in areas where the volume of Paleolithic archaeological research is limited and there is no specific criteria for the technology and typology of Paleolithic and postPaleolithic period tools. This study investigates this challenge in southeast Caspian Sea, which is one of the unknown cultural areas during the Paleolithic/post‌Paleolithic periods and almost no specific criteria have been provided for the attribution of the stone artifacts found from this region. The purpose of this study was to recognize lithic production system around Gohar Tepe as one of the largest urban centers in the Bronze/Iron age, and identify and study the technology and typology of postPaleolithic stone tools that scattering in southeast of the Caspian Sea. This recognition can explain the technological and typological differences and similarities between Paleolithic and PostPaleolithic and create criteria for PostPaleolithic industries in the southern Caspian Sea. To achieve research goals, area within 7 km radius for archaeological survey in the southern highlands of Gohar Tepe was selected. Archaeological SurveyAccording to the Iranian Archaeological Atlas, 13 Iron Age sites are located within the selected area that has been revisited in this survey. In this study, 5 sites, namely Khanehsar 3, Rostamkola1, PanjBerar, Bezkhal, Kefal Lingeh, present surface dispersions of lithic material. The common characteristic of all lithic production bases is existence of large blades cores and long blades. Due to a high density of lithic scattered on an extensive area of about 10 ha, the PanjBerar area was selected for sampling of lithic artifacts. Sampling procedure is limited to unit size of one meter sq. and through which 796 pieces of lithic were collected of which 23 pieces (2.88%) represent different types of cores, 341 pieces (42.83%) belong to all types of debitage, 247 pieces (31.03%) pertain to all types of tools and 185 pieces (23.24%) belong to the different types of debris respectively. In more than 90% of the cases, Behshahr chert raw materials were used in production cycles. Most cores are single platform and unidirectional blade core. 588 pieces of debitage (raw and tools) are considered to have been categorized into two main groups including flake 41/32% (243 pieces) and blade 58/67% (345 pieces) 183 pieces of total tools consist of blade and 64 pieces of flake are classified as types of retouched, notched, denticulated, baked, truncated, utilized and scraper. The most frequent type of tool in the PanjBerar belonged to retouched blades (57.08%). Based on technotypological analysis, a complete Chaîne Opératoire of production can be seen in PanjBerar Base. The existence of cores, completely cortical flake, unutilized and unretouched flake, debris and tools with together show that process of producing the tools, from the early stages of remove cortical flake to making the primary blank and their retouching were processed in the PanjBerar base. Reconstruction of Chaîne Opératoire of PanjBerar Base lithic production turns out extensive activity, standardized and supervised with the specific purpose for blade production. ConclusionBase on archaeological survey and technotypological analysis of stone tools, PanjBberar probably is Base can be considered as part of a wider system of lithic production in the southeast of Caspian Sea. A relatively wide distribution of lithic manufacturing bases and the large volume of production activities in the area indicate the existence of a lithic production system that should be worked under the supervision of a larger society. Gohar Tepe as the largest urban settlement in the region can be a place to produce and utilize the stone tools supplied at these bases. According to the Ericsson classification, the system of lithic production in Panjabar and adjacent areas can be classified as irregular production systems with regional accessibility to raw material. Reconstruction of the Chaîne Opératoire at the Panjberar base, has been determined using centripetal debitage for initian cortex removal of large block/pebble. This method unconsciously results in the production of Levalloislike flakes. The presence of Levalloislike flakes alongside the large blades cores, Long blades, red and gray polished and burnished pottery belong to bronze/iron age can help us measure these tools in the postPalaeolithic.