پویایی اجتماعی و اقتصادی کرمان در جنوب‌شرق ایران؛ بر پایه متون تاریخی و یافته‌های سفال دوران اسلامی در محوطه قلعه‌دختر

محوطۀ قلعه‌دختر در حاشیۀ شرقی شهر کرمان، با عرصۀ حدود 10 هکتاری، بخش مهمی از سازمان فضایی شهر کهن کرمان در دوران اسلامی بوده است. گسترۀ آثار معماری و مواد فرهنگی، به‌ویژه قطعات سفال بر اهمیت فرهنگی و تاریخی این محوطه دلالت می‌نمایند؛ درحالی‌که در پژوهش‌های پیشین، نقش و جایگاه قلعه‌دختر در بستر تاریخی و فرهنگی شهر کرمان مغفول مانده است. بر این‌اساس، در مقالۀ حاضر این پرسش‌ها مطرح است که مهم‌ترین گونه‌های سفال در محوطۀ قلعه‌دختر کدام است؟ برهم‌کنش فرهنگی کرمان با نواحی دیگر، به‌ویژه شهرهای جنوب‌شرق ایران و حاشیۀ خلیج‌فارس چگونه بوده است؟ در این پژوهش تلاش شده بامطالعۀ گونه‌های سفال دوران اسلامی در قلعه‌دختر و مقایسۀ آن‌ها با سفال‌های سایر محوطه‌های هم‌عصر و هم‌مرز، جایگاه و نقش کرمان در فرآیند مستمر «برݣݣهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی» یا «پویایی اجتماعی» و به‌تبع آن، «پویایی اقتصادی» کرمان تبیین شود. گردآوری اطلاعات در این مقاله، به‌روش‌های اسنادی و میدانی صورت‌گرفته و رویکرد و روش پژوهش، توصیفیتحلیلی است. داده‌‌های میدانی حاصل یک‌فصل بررسی، گمانه‌زنی و کاوش قلعه‌دختر در سال 1398 است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد سفال‌های موردمطالعه در طیف متنوع بدون‌لعاب و لعاب‌دار از انواع وارداتی و محلی قرار دارند و هر یک به زیرگروه‌هایی تقسیم می‌شوند. این نمونه‌ها مشابهت زیادی با سفال‌های محوطه‌های اسلامی در سیستان (زابل)، سواحل دریای مُکران (نیک‌شهر و چابهار) و محوطه‌های حاشیۀ خلیج‌فارس (هرمزگان، خوربس، بندر مهروبان، راس‌الخیمه و کیش) دارند. مقایسۀ گونه‌شناختی و گاه‌نگاری سفال قلعه‌دختر و تحلیل محتوای متون تاریخی نشانگر برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی با نواحی پیش‌گفته است؛ بنابراین، کرمان در دوران اسلامی، به‌ویژه از عصر سلجوقی تا صفوی، یکی از گذرگاه‌های ارتباطی محوطه‌های حاشیۀ خلیج‌فارس و دریای مکران با محوطه‌های شمالی‌تر بوده است و در شبکۀ تعاملات اقتصادی و برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی جنوب و جنوب‌شرق نقش واسطه داشته است.

The Role and Position of Kerman in the Economic and Social Dynamics of Southeastern Iran; Based on the Historical Texts, Study and Analysis of Islamic Period Pottery Findings in the Area of Qal’eh Dokhtar

Qal’eh Dokhtar area, located on the eastern outskirts of Kerman, with an area of about 10 hectares, has been an important part of the spatial organization of the ancient city of Kerman. The range of architectural works and material culture in it, especially pottery pieces, indicate the cultural and historical importance of this area. The questions are what are the most important types of pottery in the area of Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially in the cities of southeastern Iran and close to the Persian Gulf, and what role has this city played in the economic and social dynamics of southeastern Iran? In this article, by studying the types of pottery in Qal’eh Dokhtar and comparing them with the pottery of other contemporaries and borders, the position and role of Kerman in the continuous process of cultural interactions or “social dynamics” and, consequently, the economic dynamics of Kerman should be explained. The data collection method in this article is documentary and field study and the research approach and method is descriptiveanalytical. The field data is the result of a chapter of archaeological survey, test excavation and excavation in Qal’eh Dokhtar in 1398(SH). The results show that the studied pottery is in a very diverse range of unglazed and glazed imported and local types and each is divided into many subgroups. These specimens are very similar to the pottery of the Islamic sites of Sistan and the shores of the Makran Sea and the areas of the Persian Gulf. The chronology of Qal’eh Dokhtar Castle in Kerman and in comparison, with the bordering lands in the east and south and the study of historical texts also indicate the existence of cultural interactions with the aforementioned areas. Therefore, Kerman in the Islamic era, especially from the Seljuk to Safavid eras, was one of the communication crossings of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea with the northern areas and has acted as a mediator in the network of economic and cultural interactions between the south and southeast.IntroductionConsidering the geographical location, size, name of the site and archeological features, Qal’eh Dokhtar is probably the same as “ Qal’eh Kohan” in historical books and historical geography of the sixth century AH onwards. In the restoration project of Qal’eh Dokhtar in 1398 under the supervision of the fourth author, new finds from the historical and Islamic period were identified in this area, which include various architectural spaces and different types of pottery and other movable cultural materials.Despite the importance of Qal’eh Dokhtar in the eastern part of the ancient city of Kerman, the share of this work in archaeological research in Kerman is insignificant. In other words, the location of this area in the city of Kerman and among the cultures of the Islamic era in southeastern and southern Iran has not been considered and has been neglected in the network of interactions between the northern and southern coasts of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf. Considering that understanding the cultural interactions of ancient societies is possible through analysis and comparison of cultural materials with each other (Shirazi and Dahmardeh Pahlavan, 1393: 43) and typology and stylistics of pottery (Heidari et al., 1397: 58), The study of the pottery obtained from the excavation and study in Qal’eh Dokhtar will clarify the neglected aspects of this area. Therefore, in the present study, by studying and comparing the typology of pottery obtained from excavation and study in Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman with contemporaneous areas in Sistan, the shores of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf, a clear understanding of the cultural relations of these areas, especially from the era Seljuk to Safavid.Research questions and hypotheses: The research questions are: What are the types of pottery in the area of Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially the cities of southeastern Iran and the Persian Gulf, and what role did this city play in the economic and social dynamics of southeastern Iran from the Seljuk to Safavid eras? Research MethodThe data of this research have been collected through library studies and field activities and the research is descriptiveanalytical. First, more than 500 pieces of pottery obtained from the study of Qal’eh Dokhtar in 1398 have been typified and among them, 29 pieces of pottery have been selected as indicators in this article and the analysis of regional and transregional links has been done based on stylistic similarities of pottery. Simultaneously with these studies, historical sources have been studied in order to analyze archeological cultural materials in a historical context. TextAfter examining and classifying the significant pottery pieces in Qal’eh Dokhtar, samples were selected that are comparable to the pottery of Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf. The basis of comparison in this study was “pottery style and patterns”. Of course, one should not expect a complete copy of all the compared samples. Therefore, it seems that in some cases, the similarity of the examples of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the pottery of the proposed areas is more in general, not in detail. But in most cases, there are many similarities and similarities.On the other hand, the purpose of comparing the typology of the pottery of the Islamic period of Qal’eh Dokhtar was to determine the cultural connections of this area with other regions. Based on the comparison of the technique of making and decorating pottery, many similarities can be seen with the reported samples from Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf. These similarities indicate economic and cultural interactions in these areas. ConclusionIn the present study, while introducing the types of pottery of the Islamic era in Qal’eh Dokhtar, its relations with other areas near and far were studied based on the pottery obtained from these areas and based on historical texts and comparison of pottery, the role and position of Kerman in the social and economic dynamics of southern and southeastern Iran should be explained. A brief look at the similarities of Qal’eh Dokhtar pottery pieces with the studied areas such as Sistan, Makran Sea shores and Islamic sites on the Persian Gulf shows that circulation and exchange Cultural materials, especially luxury pottery, among these centers were influenced by active and thriving trade on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea and there have been extensive interactions between Qal’eh Dokhtar and the above areas, especially during the Seljuk domination of Kerman and the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. This communication system and network of interactions had led to the economic and social dynamics of Kerman and population centers in the south and southeast of Iran in the Middle Ages, and Kerman as an intermediary center played an important role in this dynamism. This position was preserved in the Safavid period as evidenced by written sources and cultural materials, especially samples of Abi and Sefid pottery.