effect of nano-particle compounds and p. indica on bio-degradation of petroleum compounds in the soil contaminated with cd under cultivation of triticale plant

Background and purpose: phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metals is an important factor in environmental studies. this study was conducted to investigate the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts), zeolite, and p.indica on bio - degradation of mazut in a soil treated with cd and mazut. materials and methods: treatments consisted of applying zeolite (0, 1 and 2% (w/w)), mwcnts (0, 1 and 2 % (w/w)) in the presence and absence of p.indica in the cd (0 , 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) polluted soil that was simultaneously polluted with mazut (0 and 6 % (w/w)). after 70 days, plants were harvested, and plant and soil cd were measured using aas. in addition, the degradation percentage of mazut in soil was determined. results: addition of 2 % (w/w) mwcnts and zeolite to the soil polluted with 6 % (w/w) mazut significantly increased the bio-degradation percentage of mazut in the soil by 11.3%. for soil and plant cd concentration, it was decreased by 10.6 and 12.8%, respectively. in addition, plant inoculation with p.indica significantly increased the bio-degradation of mazut in the cd polluted soil (10 mg cd/kg soil) by 14.3%. increasing soil pollution to mazut from 0 to 6 % (w/w) significantly increased the soil microbial respiration by 14.4%. conclusion: based on the results, addition of mwcns and zeolite in the soil and plant inoculation with p.indica significantly increased the mazut bio- degradation in the soil. however, the amount and type of pollutant had a significant effect on phytoremediation efficiency.